Malnutrition And Liver Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Background and Aims: Malnutrition is a accepted complication of chronic liver disease with of import predictive deductions. Hepatitis C virus liver disease spans a spectrum from chronic hepatitis C, to compensated cirrhosis, and eventually decompensated cirrhosis. Our purpose was to measure the nutritionary position of patients with hepatitis C virus liver disease. Methods: Patients were prospectively enrolled from the out-patient clinics, and categorized into 4 distinguishable populations of 100 patients each: Healthy controls ( HC ) , those with chronic hepatitis C infection ( CHC ) , compensated cirrhotics ( CC ) and decompensated cirrhotics ( DC ) . The validated subjective planetary appraisal tool was used to measure nutritionary position. Consequences: A sum of 400 patients were enrolled, every bit divided amongst the 4 groups. Most of the patients in the HC group were category A ( best nutritionary position ) . In contrast the bulk ( 68 % ) in the DC group were in the category C ( worst position ) . While 86 % of patients in the CHC group had a category A SGA mark, merely 10 % of the CC did. The nutritionary position showed a declining from Class A to C through the 4 groups which was statistically important ( p-value & lt ; 0.001 ) . Decision: Malnutrition occurs early, and progresses unrelentingly throughout the spectrum of HCV disease. Cardinal words: Malnutrition, nutritionary position, hepatitis C virus, liver diseaseIntroductionThe relationship between malnutrition and liver disease has been presuming greater significance due to the acknowledgment that it is associated with inauspicious clinical results. Malnutrition is present in 65-90 % of patients with advanced liver disease and in about 100 % of campaigners for liver transplantation.1, 2. Cirrhotic patients who are malnourished non merely hold a higher morbidity, but besides an increased mortality rate.3, 4. The badness of malnutrition correlatives straight with the patterned advance of the liver disease.5, 6 The main ground for the malnutrition in these patients is hapless unwritten consumption, which may be due to a assortment of causes. Vitamin A and/or Zn lack may give rise to an altered sense of gustatory sensation 7. The dietetic limitations that are normally recommended to these patients, such as limitation of Na, protein, and fats, can deter equal unwritten consumption by rendering nutrient bland. The presence of failing, weariness, and brain disorder may besides lend to reduced unwritten intake8. Malabsorption is another critical ground why patients with advanced hepatic disease go malnourished. A decrease in the bile-salt pool may take to fat malabsorption,9, or bacterial giantism may ensue from impaired small-bowel motility.10 The presence of portal high blood pressure has besides been blamed as a cause of malabsorption and protein loss from the GI track.11, 12 In add-on, the disposal of medicines used in the intervention of hepatic brain disorder may besides lend to malabsorption.13 Hepatitis C virus liver disease spans a spectrum from chronic hepatitis degree Celsius, to compensated cirrhosis, and to eventually decompensated cirrhosis. While the open malnutrition associated with cirrhosis has been documented in literature, there is small informations sing the nutritionary position of patients who have simple chronic hepatitis C, with no grounds of terrible liver disfunction, apart from raised aminotransferases, or the remunerated cirrhotic, and how they compare to the normal population. This information is all the more relevant in the underdeveloped universe, where deficiency of instruction and consciousness, and unavailability to good wellness attention lead to misinformation. Often faith therapists, traditional medical specialty specializers ( hakims ) , quacks and household members enforce rigorous and unneeded dietary limitations, preponderantly of fat and protein, which initiate and worsen nutritionary position. Given these facts, it would be prudent to test all patients with liver disease for nutritionary abnormalcies to place those at hazard of developing malnutrition.14 Subjective planetary appraisal ( SGA ) is a tool that combines multiple elements of nutritionary appraisal to sort the badness of malnutrition signifier mild to severe.15 These constituents are recent weight loss, alterations in dietetic consumption, GI symptoms, functional capacity, marks of musculus cachexia, and the presence of presacral or pedal hydrops. The SGA is an first-class tool to measure nutritionary position in many diseases, and has an interobserver duplicability rate of 80 % .16 Simple bedside methods like the SGA have been shown to place malnutrition adequately ; the usage of more complex hiting systems has non proved superior17.4 M. Plauth, M. Merli, J. Kondrup, P. Ferenci, A. Weimann and M.E.S.P.E.N. Muller, Guidelines for nutrition in liver disease and organ transplant, Clin Nutr 16 ( 1997 ) , pp. 43-55. Abstract | PDF ( 1653 K ) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus ( 163 )Materials and MethodsPatients were enrolled from the out-patient hepatology clinics a t the Aga Khan University Hospital in a prospective mode. After a elaborate appraisal by the doctor which included a history and scrutiny, patients were categorized into 4 distinguishable populations of 100 patients each: Healthy controls ( HC ) , those with chronic hepatitis C infection ( CHC ) , compensated cirrhotics ( CC ) and decompensated cirrhotics ( DC ) . Healthy controls were the attach toing house-hold members ( gender and closest age matched ) of the patients who were assessed to be healthy after a history, scrutiny and a negative HCV antibody testing trial. The controls were exposed to the same socio- economic conditions as the patients, and showing of household members of the index patient is standard pattern at our infirmary. CHC patients were those who had grounds of HCV viraemia, raised aminotransferases, normal liver man-made map, and an ultrasound of the liver demoing a healthy liver, without grounds of portal high blood pressure, such as a dilated portal vena, or splenomegaly. Patients were classified as holding CC when they had no history of decompensation, and an ultrasound screening characteristics of cirrhosis A ± portal high blood pressure, but no ascites. Finally DC were those who had either a history or physical scrutiny compatible with a diagnosing of decompensation, or a ultrasound demonstrating free fluid in the venters. Decompensation was defined as any episode of variceal hemorrhage, ascites, or porto-sytemic brain disorder. The SGA signifier was filled in all cases by the adviser doctor himself. A nutritionary history was besides noted, with peculiar mention to any protein or fat limitation. Written, informed consent was taken from all the survey participants, and the survey was approved by the university moralss commission.ConsequencesA sum of 400 patients were enrolled, every bit divided amongst the 4 groups. Age and gender were comparable in all 4 groups ( Table 1 ) . Most of the patients in the HC group were category A harmonizing to the SGA, and there were none in category C. In contrast the bulk ( 68 % ) in the DC group were in the category C, while merely 4 % were in the A class. The nutritionary position showed a gradual passage from Class A to C, with a 3rd of CC and the bulk of DC all hiting a C on the SGA. Fourteen per centum of patients with CHC besides scored a B on the SGA. ( Graph 1 )DiscussionThis is the first survey to document the nutritionary position of patients across the whole spectrum of hepatitis C virus infection. Most of the literature has been devoted to the nutritionary facets of cirrhotic and pre graft patients,18, 19 but as our survey shows, that the downslide begins much earlier, even before cirrhosis sets in. Even when these patients visit their doctors for other complaints, the nutritionary lack may non be realized, so the procedure continues unabated, until blunt malnutrition sets in. The huge bulk of patients across all the cohorts were on a diet that was restricted in protein and fat content in changing sums. This stems from the false but steadfast belief that when the liver is affected, it should non be â€Å" burdened † with Calories. This pattern, which is endorsed non merely by patients and their households, but besides unluckily by ill-informed doctors, is likely the ground why up to 14 % of patients with merely CHC are reasonably malnourished, and that the bulk of CC patients are reasonably or overtly malnourished. The major alteration in SGS position in our survey was seen between the CHC and the CC cohort of patients, and this is where the focal point of nutritionary intercession should be. Patients with CHC should be expected to hold the same degree of nutrition as HC, as no important liver harm has occurred, but this was n't the instance. Up to 14 % of such patients had a moderate nutritionary value, most probably a consequence of caloric and protein limitation. Poor nutritionary position contributes to tire, anaemia, and infection, all of which impair successful HCV intervention, as intervention itself causes cytopenias and profound weariness. Patients who are in better nutritionary wellness are more likely to digest intervention side-effects, require less break of intervention, or dose decreases, and hence have a more successful result, as compared to those who are nutritionally depleted20, 21. The CC group besides had a really alarmingly little figure of patients who were good nourished ( 10 % ) . The huge bulk ( 56 % ) were reasonably nourished, and a important figure ( 34 % ) were malnourished. The chief ground we feel, for such a high figure of cirrhotics to be malnourished is PCM, which promotes katabolism, hypoalbuminemia. This is a really delicate group of patients-while they are compensated, they already have extended hepatic harm. Malnutrition accelerates their slide towards decompensation, as there is a direct correlativity between the patterned advance of the liver disease and the badness of malnutrition.5, 20 Patients with cirrhosis who are malnourished have a higher rate of hepatic brain disorder, infection, and variceal bleeding.18, 22 They are besides twice every bit likely to hold stubborn ascites.1 All of these events in a cirrhotic have high mortality rates. Multiple surveies have reported a correlativity between hapless nutritionary position and mortality, and malnutrition is an independent forecaster of mortality in patients with cirrhosis.3, 23 It is no admiration so, that the nutritionally worst group has the maximal figure of patients who have decompensated cirrhosis, followed by CC. Using modes such as media runs, out-patient guidance, and awareness cantonments may all function to contend the disinformation that takes the topographic point of right information, when it is non supplied by the wellness attention supplier. Doctors should besides be made cognizant of non merely the importance of nutritionary rating and guidance in all patients with hepatitis C infection but besides its regular appraisal at follow up visits. Patients should be encouraged to take as normal and balanced a diet as possible, including protein, which is routinely restricted in our scene. The establishment of a bland, protein and Calorie restricted diet is non warranted, and should be counseled against at every brush with the patient and their attenders. Even in advanced cirrhosis, protein should merely be restricted during a period of encephalopathy, and salt should be restricted if there is pedal odema and/or ascites.23, 24Decision:Malnutrition exists throughout the spectrum of HCV disease. It occurs early in the disease procedure, and is grim, with of import predictive effects. Poor unwritten consumption, malabsorption, but most significantly, protein Calorie limitations are all responsible for the province. It is therefore, imperative to measure the nutritionary position of all patients with chronic liver disease and to optimise nutrition in these patients. Malnutrition is a potentially reversible status that, when identif ied and corrected, can take to improved patient results. This survey paperss the baseline nutritionary position of a big cohort of patients in our scene, and provides informations upon which other nutrition interventional surveies may be based.

Linguistics and their realationship to Teaching Essay

The Relationship Between Linguistics and Language Teaching. Fiona Le Maitre Thongsook College May 2013 Abstract This paper is an attempt to analyze the relationship between linguistics and language teaching. Linguistics is a science and teaching while technical is also an art yet they are closely related to each other in the case of language teaching. The foreign language teachers need to include ‘selection’, ‘grading’ and ‘presentation’ as their main steps. Linguistics plays an important role in the whole process of teaching by helping to facilitate a teacher’s understanding of the workings and systems of the language they teach. Applied Linguistics is really about the melding of these 2 actions. The Relationship between Linguistics and Language Teaching. Linguistics is defined as the scientific study of language. Linguistics is then divided into several branches which study different accepts of its use. Descriptive linguistics, historical and comparative linguistics, which it is based on methodology. Synchronic and Diachronic linguistics, which it is based on the aspect of changes over time. Phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics, which is based on a language as a system. Sociolinguistics this is related to or combined with the disciplines of linguistics and sociology. Its interest is in the relationship between language and society. It works to explains why people Use different speech in different social contexts. It’s area of study is the social functions of language to convey social meaning. The social relationships in a community, and the way people signal aspects of their social identity through their language (Jenet Holmes, 2001). Sociolinguistics also is concerned with the interaction of language and settings. (Carol M. Eastman, 1975; 113). The other expert defines it as the study that is concerned with investigating the relationship between language and society with the goal of a better  understanding of the structure of language and of how languages function in communication ( Ronald Wardhaugh, 1986 : 12) Psycholinguistics relates to the combined disciplines of psychology and linguistics. Psychology is defined as the systematic study of human experience and behavior or as the science that studies the behavior of men and other animals. Knight and Hilgert in Abu Ahmadi,(1992). It covers language development. (Lim Kiat Boey). The other definition of psycholinguistics is that it is the study of human language-to-language comprehension, language production, and language acquisition (E.M.Hatch) The research done on the relationship between linguistic theory and language teaching can be traced back to the late 19th century. Its relationship has been discussed and debated for many years and researched extensively. Since this time different research proposed by different scholars has been disputable and found to be largely inconclusive. In the 1960s it was decided that there needed to be a reassessment. The conclusion that was formed went in two two main directions of thought with differing points of view. One viewpoint was that linguistics is not as relevant as it was first thought to be, and its importance was overrated. Such linguists as Lamendella (1969) and Johnson (1967) expressed their disagreement to regard linguistics as the basis of a strategy of learning. Lamendella (1969) thought that it was a mistake to look to transformational grammar or any other theory of linguistic description to provide the theoretical basis for second language pedagogy. What is needed in the field of language teaching are not applied linguists but rather applied psychologists. The other point of view was to recognize that the general contribution of linguistics was important. This came though with a proviso that teaching language was not to be bound to only follow one theory alone. The idea being that different linguistic theories can offer different perspectives on language, and they can all be treated as equivalent resources useful for teaching. Levenson (1979 ) once said, ‘no one school of linguistic analysis has a monopoly of truth in the description of the phenomena of speech†¦traditional school grammar, TG grammar, †¦all these and more can be  shown to have their own particular relevance to the language teaching situation. By1960 the United States, reached its peak of the influence of structural linguistics upon language Teaching. Structural linguistics stressed the importance of language as a system and investigates the place that linguistic units such as sounds, words and sentences have within this system. This then associated with behaviorism provided the principal theoretical basis of the audio lingual theory. This then influenced language teaching materials, techniques and the teachers educations. Behaviorism led to theories, which explained how an external event, causes a change in the behavior, without any kind of mental interaction. It also stressed the importance of repetition and practice in learning a second language, this I think is a vital factor in learning a foreign language. If we look at the audio-lingual method, it emphasizes: (1) The teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing; (2) The use of dialogues and drills; (3) The avoidance of the use of the mother tongue in the classroom. Audio-lingual method regards speaking and listening as the basic skills, this is in line with today’s English teaching situation. The Mentalist Approach In the 1960s Chomsky formulated the mentalist approach. The hypothesis was considered that human behavior is much more complex than animal behavior. Chomsky, felt that we are born with a Language Acquisition Device (LAD), which enables a child to make a hypotheses about the structures of a language in general, and also the structure of the language being learned more importantly. By the end of the sixties’, there were new developments in teaching language starting to occur. The TG theory had a big impact resulting in a change in teaching methods. It was opposed to the empiricist theory, that is, teaching audio linguistics, linguistically structuralism and psychologically behaviorism. TG theory. 1 It stresses mental activity. 2 It postulates that all human beings have an innate ability to learn a language. 3 That it is an inborn instinctual ability and not practice that made human beings obtain the rules of a language and understand and can produce countless numbers of sentences. The Natural Method was successfully used in various language schools in the USA and Europe in the late 19th and the early 20th century. In the post-World War I decades, the direct method was adopted into English language teaching (ELT) this laid a solid intellectual and practical foundation for developing ELT as an autonomous profession. Some linguists, like Diller (1970), openly declared his preference for the cognitive position; while others, like Chastain (1976) and Rivers (1981:25-27) held that the two theories were complementary and served different types of learners or teachers or represented different phases of the language learning process. Applied Linguists brought about the situational approach and the notional/functional method. It is based on a broader framework for the description of language use called communicative competence proposed by Hymes, This brought about the communicative approach to language teaching came into being. In 1970s, a group of scholars including Oller (1970) and Widdowson (1978), were linguists but at also closely in touch with teaching practice. They gave language teaching and language pedagogy the linguistic direction they regarded as necessary. Since they were in touch with language teaching practice and linguistic so had a two-way view of the problem, they placed emphasis on real language and its communication and use. To take Oller’s interest in pragmatics as an example. Oller (1970:507) claimed that pragmatics has implications for language teaching; it defines the goal of teaching a language as prompting the students not merely to manipulate meaningless sound sequences, but to send and receive messages in the language. The students in China start English when they are in primary school. In the past, more attention was paid to the grammar, the result was very disappointing: Now the emphases is on speaking and listening. The audio-lingual method is now used in the classroom. In China, more people need to learn English in order to have the ability to communicate with foreigners. In this case, speaking and listening is much more important than being able to read and write. They are not expected to have a high level of English and their aim is simple, they need to communicate with a foreigner so they can understand their words and express themselves well. This is based on simple daily conversation. A market sale and business or being able to work in the tourism industries. Basic conversation and understanding can be very helpful in everyday conversation exchanges. The Audio-lingual method stressed the repetition and it theorizes that a language is learnt through the formation of habits. To speak English fluently, without constant practice, is impossible. So in our English teaching, we must help our students speak and listen well. Expressing ourselves properly is not always an easy thing, especially if it’s an emotionally charged topic. Even an English major may sometimes find it problematic to express exactly what they mean so it is understood by the other person in a way that is understood by all. When I go to Cambodia I find the generally that the population though not taught English in school has good English conversation capacity. They may not read or write but I feel if they had the opportunity to learn now they have grasped the basic language that they would with more ease. There is a need for them to talk and sell to foreigners so they have had a need and incentive to learn and the fact that their using it every day also helps. Though there are of course talented students I find in Thailand the communication level is not good as a lot of emphases is but on reading, writing and grammar, that many times, is not really understood or comprehended. Thai students learn form primary but they do not always have a reason to speak out of the classroom. One lesson a week in speaking and 3 of grammar I find makes the students scared to use the language. I teach with Thailand teachers and due to a some general pronunciation problems the students are confused about the sounds of the words and how to string them  together. Confidence helps a lot just talking even if it is wrong. I always attempt to inspire confidence as I feel it is very important for speech. In my opinion, linguistics and language teaching relationship is a dual one. There are some theories of linguistics that can be applied to language teaching, i.e. linguistics guides in development of language teaching theory. On the other hand, a language teaching theory expresses or implies answers to questions about the nature of language. It is necessary for a language teacher has some knowledge about, the systems of languages. A teacher should understand how the language works and expresses meaning and the structures that are used in the language being taught. A teacher needs to know how to make the phonic sounds and the mechanics to produce these sounds. This helps with pronunciation problems that students will encounter. By studying linguistics a teacher will have a deeper insight into the nature of language and the language the student speaks as they’re first language. If we agree that the use of a language is a matter of habits and practice, then a teacher needs to implant the habit of using it for communication until it becomes second nature. Conclusion Linguistic theory is continually developing and teaching theories are constantly changing as is the language itself. This alone demands a permanent study of languages and the relationships between linguistic theory and language teaching methods. There are many techniques and theories but no one concept or technique can take in the Different needs student may have and the differing ways people learn. This is a science in its self. There can be many differences in understanding between the L1 and L2 language from different cultural understandings and different sounds that may be new to the learner. There are many ways a culture will express its self along with idiosyncrasies and local knowledge of the everyday life in the culture. They say when you understand humor you start to know a language. If one could take every student as an individual and teach them the best way they  learnt one would be assured of good results. Knowing the basic individual attributes the child had can enable to teacher to create classes designed for their individual needs. This is a luxury that tutors can give their students but in the classroom one dose not have so much control. A practical framework designed to suit the most students and the context that is the most appropriate. The Relationship of Linguistic Materials for the Second Language Teacher. Because of political, economic and also technical changes, English has become widely taught as an official business language worldwide, also as a second language to immigrants in English-speaking countries to gain entry and work, and as a foreign language in many non-English-speaking countries. This is also largely due to the computer so there is a universal language for coding and business. There are many theories on different ways to teach and different scholarly thoughts on the best process. I feel that this depends on the type of English you are teaching. Since there are many different needs a student may have. In China the emphases is on communication with foreigners on a daily basis like selling them something in a market or doing business. In other countries such as Thailand the emphases is put on Grammar and writing and reading and only a small part into communication. So while there are still many theories on the best way to teach I feel in my knowledge so far that it is best to learn as many ways as possible and how they work in the different environments. Applied Linguistics is really about the melding of these two actions but not the scope of this essay. One of the most fantastic Linguistic help I think the corpus is one of the best ways to get relevant vocabulary for your students. This is helpful for Syllabus and curriculum planning and for all areas of language teaching. References Chastain, K. (1976). Developing Second-Language Skills: Theory to Practice. Chicago: Rand McNally. Diller, K.C. (1970). ‘Linguistic theories of language acquisition’ in Hester 1970:1-32. Johnson, M. (1967). Definitions and models in curriculum theory. Educational Theory, 17:127-40. Lamendella, J.T. (1969). On the irrelevance of transformational grammar to second language pedagogy. Language Learning, 19:255-70. Levenson, E.A. (1979). Second language lexical acquisition: issues and problems. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin, 4:147-60. Oller, J.W. (1970). Transformational theory and pragmatics. Modern Language Journal, 54:504-507. Rivers, W.M. (1981). Teaching Foreign-Language Skills. Second edition. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. Widdowson, H.G.. (1978). Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .†Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Zeki Hamawand, Z. Morphology in English: Word formation in cognitive grammar. continuum. Publishing. ( Zeki Hamawand, Z. (2011).

Are Filipinos Ready for Globalization? Essay

Globalization deeply affects the values and structure of Philippine society. The State has a responsibility of protecting its citizenry and environment to the possible effects of it. Globalization is not the cure-all answer for our economic woes. There are more things to life than a competitive market or liberalization. It does automatically lead to economic growth, much less societal development and progress. There are other dimensions and considerations in the development of a nation. There needs to be a societal framework and a set of institutions to ensure the appropriate and justified working of an open market economy. Economic performance is heavily dependent on the vitality of institutions outside the economy – the institutions of political, cultural, and social life as well as institutions that ensure the integrity of nature. The economy dies if society around it dies. Markets are important but they need the support of the appropriate institutions to function properly and effectively. A vibrant culture and a just polity are essential for an efficient economy. The Philippine Agenda 21 is the unique response of the country to global challenges. It embarked on a threefolding stakeholdership as a means to achieve a more compassionate economy within the context of sustainable development. This participatory activity involves the civil society representing culture, government representing polity and business representing the economy. This development approaches have more chances of working since the development perspective encompasses all dimension of society. In order to fully participate in globalization without sacrificing national interest and patrimony, the State must address the five goal elements of PA 21 namely, poverty reduction, social equity, empowerment and good governance, peace and solidarity and ecological integrity. Globalization brings fears to the Filipino workers. The fall of protectionism and other barriers to trade contribute much to the uncertainties that workers face today. The State has a vital role in developing the skills and improving the welfare of the Filipino workers for them to face globalization squarely. He must have the necessary training and equipment to protect him against the dislocations and uncertainties emerging from globalization. Meanwhile, rather than toe the line of rich nations pursuing globalization as a way out of their economic crisis or stagnation, the government can curb landlessness, joblessness and homelessness instead. Protecting national patrimony, pursuing genuine land reform and developing basic industries are among the best alternatives to take for now. The greatest challenge posed against the country in this whole globalization phenomena is keeping the solid of identity of Filipinos. More than the basic needs, it is primary that the Philippines be wary of the whole system of globalization which seems bent on eating up what is left of the country. In these times when the trend is outward looking, it is important for us to keep our eyes on what is here and what must be done here now. The interest of the Filipinos above all must be our priority. When we have done our duty to each and every Filipino, then we are ready and capable to face global challenges. The key to a competitive future lies in working for and engaging in an integrated community and working aggressively to make ourselves a dynamic and productive economy in our own right. We must band together and integrate our efforts to prove our worth to our neighboring countries. We, as a country must prove itself equal to the challenge of global competition. Perhaps, I am quite pessimistic about this whole globalization thing as I feel we have burned many times over by the domination of the Western world. A part of me could sense that globalization is another form of Western conquer in disguise. But then, I also know that globalization is inevitable and our country escaping the trend of globalization is even more inevitable. I am amazed by the fact that today, a whole realm of information is right at every person’s fingertips. If we look through history, power and authority took many forms. At first, power lies with he who has the land. Eventually, he who has the political position has the authority. He who manages most of the resources was regarded as the most powerful. Today, it is a battle of who holds the most and right information at the right time. And the battle for information takes on many dimensions. I guess this is one phase of globalization that continues to enthrall me. And in this world of information, I see Filipinos positioning themselves as brilliant instruments of technology. It is undeniable that in every country is a Filipino community. It is my pride that in the ICT industry, Filipinos are one of the premiere service providers. With this as our strength, maybe capitalizing on our human resources can be the answer to addressing the negative travails of globalization. With a Filipino in every corner of the world, who really knows how we can go in changing the world? The Chinese have done it. Every Chinese community in every country is regarded as a thriving community. Maybe we can do the same. As globalization is inevitable, Filipinos must find ways on how to adapt to the new system and still make a mark, not leaving behind the Filipino identity.

Rockefeller Drug Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rockefeller Drug Laws - Essay Example The year 1973 was marked by the Watergate scandal, an uneasy cease-fire in Vietnam, and a rising tide of the counter-culture. Fuelling the resentment of public institutions and the mistrust of the government was the proliferation of drug use by a new generation. To many conservatives, it appeared as though the liberal left had won and the seeds of permissiveness were never more apparent than they were in the drug culture in New York. Conservatives, such as Nelson Rockefeller, fought back with legislation that was aimed at this cultural group, and targeted drug use as a common denominator to identify his political and social enemies. New York State became the front lines in the War on Drugs with the passing of strict anti-drug laws that would become to be known as the Rockefeller Drug Laws. According to Haberman, "Their essence was to send drug felons to prison for very long stretches, with sentences made mandatory and leniency rendered unacceptable even for first-time offenders". The right wing hawks had lost the war and resigned the White House, but they were not in a mind to lose the War on Drugs. At the heart of the Rockefeller Laws were sentencing guidelines that placed an emphasis on retributive incarceration, and eliminated any possibility of restorative justice. The laws, in many cases, called for mandatory sentencing that could be as long as life in prison with no possibility of parole. As an example, in 1999 a middle-aged mother was sentenced to life in prison for the possession of a small quantity of cocaine, even though she was a first time offender and was working for a larger organization (Papa). This experience has been repeated thousands of times in New York where the penalty for delivering drugs is on the same level as that for second-degree murder. In addition to the lengthy sentences there are the "mandatory sentencing regulations that effectively tie the hands of presiding judges" (Irwin 6). The law has preset the sentence and judges are not able to consider extenuating circumstances such as the possibility of rehabilitation or the social situation of the def endant. The ability of a judge to gauge the sentence is a hallmark of modern justice and is one of the basic functions of the court. However, under the Rockefeller Laws, this function has been usurped by the legislators, and left the judge as little more than a figurehead. The Rockefeller Drug Laws have been criticized since their enactment, but were only recently reformed as protests grew louder. Since the passing of the laws conservatives have opposed the laws because they significantly altered the role of the judge in sentencing, and were unduly harsh. Concerned citizens argued that the mandatory minimum sentence of 15 years for the possession of a small amount of drugs was far out of proportion to the crime, and was comparable to the sentence guidelines for rape, manslaughter, and robbery (Rhett 6). Human rights watch groups pointed to the abuse by police, prosecutors, and courts as a reaction to clean up the streets and satisfy the public's thirst for a get tough on crime policy. However, these were non-violent victimless crimes, and getting the drug user off the streets only provided a marginal amount of safety for the public. Reasonable taxpayers objected to

Terminology & Experiences & Beliefs Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Terminology & Experiences & Beliefs - Case Study Example I began to associate the term with high intelligence in a given area and high levels of income. The term also implies come connotations of social privilege. I would describe an accounting professional as a person who has gone through the formal education system of accountancy and acquired the requisite skills of accountancy to such a level that he can and has applied them to solve accounting related problems. Necessarily, such a person, according to my description, should have some experience in the accounting area of specialization, and must reflect a high regard of ethical practices. Yes, I would differentiate myself from the well-paid non-professional people in the field of accounting precisely because my formal training as an accountant has enabled me to acquire resourceful insights that differentiates me from non-professionals. I am knowledgeable about the dynamics of the business world and the attendant principles that govern them. With sufficient experience, I believe that I would be able to distinguish myself from the well-paid non-professional because of the depth of my insight and the formality of my

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Leadership - Essay Example Eisenhower and President John F. Kennedy. There are a couple different styles of leadership that a leader can use. President Eisenhower was a transactional leader, in that his style of leadership was systematic and was based on the idea of rewards and punishments associated with making decisions. This comes with the fact that he had a military background, which provided him the experience and knowledge base for him to exercise his leadership authority. Many of his actions were the result of defense and competition with the Soviets as his term of presidency was during the period where the United States was operating under the containment policy of trying to prevent the spread of Communism into the democratic sphere. Thus these programs, such as the development of nuclear weapons as well as the start to the NASA program served their purpose as showing the United States’ raw power. As a result, a majority of the way in which he dictated policy both in the United States and as in foreign policy was always based on that of defense and military authority (â€Å"Dwight D. Eisenhower†, 2011). President John F. Kennedy was an enthusiastic, young leader that was more inexperienced than his predecessor President Eisenhower. He also was a soldier who served as an officer in the Untied States Navy.

Branding Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Branding - Assignment Example Brand positioning is aimed at allocating products and services in certain communicative channels in order to meet the needs of customers. Brand positioning is crucial to any organization because it is able to implement the organization’s objectives, goals, and missions. The purpose of branding and positioning is to give the consumers a clear image of the organization and its products. This also helps an organization maintain its competitive advantage. There are many products in the market that are can be used for the same purpose, branding and positioning make a product unique to the customers which in turn helps customers differentiate one product from that of its competitors’. A good example is seen in the case of toothpastes. Toothpaste brands have increased significantly over the years. The supermarkets are now filled with many brands, each with its own benefits (Segrave, Pg. 28). Colgate, which is toothpaste that has been around for many years and still has a big market share around the world, maintains its market share through branding. Colgate is known for its ability of whiten the teeth, freshen the breath, and strengthen the enamel on the teeth. The company also takes advantage of the red color on its product packages during its TV advertisement. There is more of the red color like the packaging of the toothpaste. The company believes that the color inspires impulse buying because the color causes excitement. The white and red combination in its packaging is eye catching and appealing to the eyes of consumers. This also remains in the minds of the consumer, forming a way of differentiating the products from other toothpastes. This also shows the principles of branding and positioning which is differentiating one product from another. An effective branding gives consumers a perception that there is no other service, product, or company than the brand’s company. Branding helps organization to differentiate their products from those of its

Managing diversity and equal opportunities Essay - 2

Managing diversity and equal opportunities - Essay Example mmission (2011a) The Equality Act 2010 requires companies to give equal payment for work of same proportion and value to both male and female workers. This act came as a replacement to older acts like Equal Pay Act 1970 and Sex Discrimination Act 1975. Elimination of any form of inequality in pay is extremely important as far as achieving gender impartiality and respecting the dignity of women is concerned. Judges and committees will always interpret the law that promotes equality in pay, purposively because this stipulation is based on the foundation of the law enacted by the European Union (TSO, 2014). The domestic law in the UK has the obligation to adhere to the law enacted by the European Union that imposes rightful obligation in terms of equality in payment which will have an unswerving impact. Therefore, while considering the claims for equal pay clause under the Equality Act 2010, the UK based courts are obligated to consider the pertinent provisions enacted by the European Union. Therefore, if a claimant does not get full assistance from the domestic laws the individual has the option of relying on the European Union law in the British Court (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2011a). While the British amendments are more generalized in nature requiring companies to eliminate any form of gender discrimination associated with unequal pay, the European amendment is more detailed in nature which eliminates any loopholes associated with gender pay inequality. The European amendment is evident in article 141 stipulated within the European Community Treaty which requires every Member State to make sure that the law of equal pay for male and female workers for work of same value and proportion is pursued. The law states that the ordinary minimum wage is kept same for male and female worker who does work of similar nature, value or quantity (Trueel, 2010). The European amendment urges organizations to supervise the cases where pay is determined on the basis

What itTakes to be a Leader Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What itTakes to be a Leader - Research Paper Example While peeping into the history of several great leaders, they are found abound with several discerning traits in their style of functioning. It would be most appropriate to identify the exemplary skills that make one effective and inspiring leader across all cultures, societies and communities. Integrity President Eisenhower once said, "The supreme quality for leadership is unquestionably integrity. Without it, no real success is possible, no matter whether it is on a section gang, a football field, in an army, or in an office" (Forbes, 2013). Leaders with integrity do and preach the same things; no difference is found in their saying and doing. People get inspired only when they see their leaders full of integrity in their day-to-day activities. It needs to be noted that without integrity, leaders cannot create a lasting image on their followers, peers, or subordinates. Courage Primarily, it requires courage to be a leader. Courage does not mean becoming a great warrior in the battl efield that fires enemies but the real courage is to do the right things always regardless of its consequences. Leaders display courage to go against traditional thinking and take risks without jeopardizing their integrity, values and ethics. Moreover, their courage never derives its strength from official power sources. I do not consider Stalin, Mussolini or Hitler as true leaders because their courage emanates from the powers they relish as rulers. That is why they could not make any good for their citizens or humankind. Contrasting this, M. K. Gandhi or Martin Luther King had no powers whatsoever but they turned the tide in their favor by sheer inspirational and motivational abilities. Truly, Gandhi and King were courageous leaders as they faced rulers bare handedly putting their own life at risk. They were charismatic leaders who could garner mass support through non-violent means. Empowerment Empowerment is a buzzword of twenty first century and since industrial revolution, the world has moved a lot – in last hindered years or so using this philosophy. Leaders disseminate power from source to periphery and empower people as per their capacities. This enhances self-respect and dignity of the people. Empowered people tend to work at best of their abilities delivering excellent outcomes. A leader tends to provide direction to the people but never controls and restricts them. At the same time, effective leaders share success with others and take blame of failures on them. In real sense, a true leader becomes a facilitator on the path for smooth trotting. In today's corporate world, young adults, wherever they work, love autonomy and leaders respect it because it is easy to bring organizational change by giving them more operational freedom. Bill Gates says, â€Å"As we look ahead into the next century, leaders will be those who empower others† (Pritchard, 2011). How true his statement is! Creative and Visionary Creativity, innovativeness or fore sightedness is a specialty of an effective leader. Leaders see the future upheavals much in advance and accordingly, formulate their plan. However, they are found to be hardworking and dedicated but the quality that set them apart is their vision. As the world becomes more technology driven, the leadership will come in the hands of those people who are highly creative. Steve Jobs got a second stint in Apple because he was highly creative in his approach. He designed, built and marketed the products in the ways that many large companies, during the time, could not even think of. Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence is a hallmark of true leaders. Intelligence at cognitive level is just not sufficient to make someone an

The Role of Soft Law in Contemporary International Law-Making Essay

The Role of Soft Law in Contemporary International Law-Making - Essay Example Treaty represents an agreement concluded by different countries and enforced by action. Soft Law is formed according to the state’s experience and pays much attention to the sense of obligation. Soft law in its turn represents the third source that appeared not very long ago. The top priority of this law is the protection of human rights, environmental protection, and preservation of ethical principles. It is essential to note, that contemporary international legislation is both treaty and soft and both sources efficiently function, resolve international controversies and regulate the relations between countries. Studying the literature in order to prepare the investigation it is possible to make a conclusion that the 20th century is characterized by essential development of the international legislation, and notwithstanding those treaties now is the main source, it is possible to say that both ethical principles and treaty are really efficient, can work together, and in addition, treaties can help create new principles in international legislation. It is still not known, what source is more efficient, but it is quite clear that treaty can’t and should not be more reliable that ethical principles which were generated by the society and accepted by it Studying the literature on the topic, one can I believe, that treaty, customary and soft law should function together and the choice depends on the case. Both soft and treaty law are very efficient in regulating international. Thus, taking into account that different sources of international law usually work together and are not taken separately, sometimes it is not possible to decide what source is more efficient. Therefore, the thorough investigation of the sources will be implemented in the given study.

Eschatology Religion and Theology Research Paper

Eschatology Religion and Theology - Research Paper Example It is also good to look at the Hebrew’s approach to afterlife, and finally a conclusion can be drawn. According to the traditional definition, eschatology means the doctrinal teachings of the "last things". Eschatology relations involve the relations of individuals (including resurrection, death, judgment, as well as the afterlife). It also explores man’s relationship with the world. In the latter respect, the doctrine of eschatology tends to be restricted, at times, to the absolute destruction of the world. The biblical usage is not warranted by the restrictions of eschatology. The "last days" may imply the end of the current order, or "hereafter." Eschatology, according to the Greeks point of understanding, as drawn from the Theological Terminology Dictionary, entails studying about the end times. It further integrates the second appearance of Jesus Christ, the rapture, the millennial kingdom of Christ Jesus, the battle of Armageddon, the ultimate judgment of Satan to gether with his false prophets and angles, and the new earth and the new heaven. National Eschatology The hope of national resurrection is expressed earlier compared to the individual resurrection. In the vision of the dry bone, God showed Ezekiel that the divine breath has the potential of breathing new life into the dead, thus featuring a national resurrection: "These bones are the whole house of Israel" (Ezek. 37:11). â€Å"Isaiah 26: 19 promises a national resurrection.† "Thy dead shall live, their bodies shall rise". Resurrection for the individual first is explicit as put in (Dan. 12:2). Martyrs persecution under Antiochus Epiphanes offered a powerful assurance upon the resurrection hope. Therefore, belief in the resurrection of the righteous, at least, was adopted as part of Orthodox Judaism, in exception to the Sadducees. The Sadducees claimed to be the champions of religion of the old-time contrary to Pharisaic innovations. Having attained there is a sharper distinct ion existing between the wicked people and the afterlife fortunes of the righteous, in Gehenna or heaven (Paradise) respectively. According to the significant teaching of the "day of the Lord", (Amos 5:18 - 20), the Israelites have been rebuked because of their anxiousness for it. The day would neither bring light nor joy though that was their hope. It would rather bring mourning and darkness. Because Yahweh is absolutely righteous, the intervention for vindicating His action must include the righteous judgment wherever it appears, particularly amongst His chosen people, who obtained exceptional opportunities and got to know His will. Individual Eschatology in the Old Testament Afterlife existence is much contemplated in the Old Testament. Jesus indeed revealed that immortality was implicit in humans’ in relationship to God: the LORD God is God of living and not of the dead (Luke 20:38). However, the featured implication was unappreciated in Old Testament. Perhaps in response to the cultic practices of Canaanites regarding the dead, the Old Testament puts little emphasis concerning the afterlife. Sheol could be regarded the underworld as the place where the dead would dwell as shades; their past (former) status as well as character are less accounted for there. The praises made to Yahweh, which used to engage so much of pious activities of Israelite on earth, would remain unsung in Sheol, which would popularly be thought to apply outside the jurisdiction of Yahweh (Isa. 38:18; Ps. 88:10 - 12). In the book of Psalms, (Psalms 73 and 139) there is an assurance that the presence of God will not be deprived unto those who chose to walk with God, in their death. Job

The Effects of the Immigration Justice System Essay Example for Free

The Effects of the Immigration Justice System Essay Illegal Immigration in America is at an all time high, but what the government is failing to see is the after affects this has on family and children of illegal immigrants. After September 2011 government has started enforcing immigration laws in staggering numbers, when in fact some of these illegal immigrants have been in this country for many years living a productive life with their families. After years of immigration laws being looked over now everyone in the illegal immigrants’ life is affected due to stiffer immigration laws. Immigration is a topic on a lot of people’s minds these days. Many illegal immigrants are being pulled over due to racial profiling. According to Hughes (2012), â€Å"Nearly half of the suspected illegal immigrants picked up for deportation under Frederick County’s enforcement program last year were arrested for a traffic violation or driving without a license, according to county records. † Subsequently they are deported leaving their families behind here in America to make a tough decision as to stay or go be with family. These families most of the time are mixed citizenship families as to where one or both parents are illegal to this country. As for the children they too sometimes are of mixed citizenship. Most people say â€Å"send them back they broke the law† but why should the children have to pay for their parents mistakes. The government and the justice system need to come up with an immigration reform that is fair to all but still penalize them for breaking the law. If you have a criminal history you should be deported but if the biggest crime you have committed is driving without a license you should not be deported. Not only does the Immigration justice system affect the illegal immigrant it also affect the families and children of the illegal immigrant. â€Å"U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) have adopted common sense policies that ensure our immigration laws are enforced in a way that best enhances public safety, border security and the integrity of the immigration system (ICE, 2012). † This is how the immigration system is run since September 2011. Before this illegal immigrants who lived in this country only feared deportation if they ommitted a major crime. For that reason most whom where here illegally lived a very productive life without committing any crimes. They started families here in America if they did not already have a family. â€Å"As part of this approach, ICE has adopted clear priorities that call for the agencys enforcement resources to be focused on the identification and removals of those that have broken criminal laws, recently crossed our border, repeatedly violated immigration law or are fugitives from immigration court (ICE, 2012). With this being said does it make you wonder, what happens to the families and children that are also entangled in the Immigration justice system web? The Immigration justice system is breaking up families everyday in America. Morel (2012, p. 1) states, â€Å"There are 4. 5 million U. S. citizen children who have an undocumented parent, according to First Focus, a national children and families advocate group. † So what happens to these children when their parent or parents are deported? Well the answer is a lot of these children are now orphaned in this country and are put into the foster care system. Some are at an age where they will not get to be adopted into a home; they will live for years going from foster home to foster home. As for the children who still has a parent here in America they will be faced with many difficulties. Their parent that was deported was more than likely the â€Å"bread winner† of the family so now the family has to struggle just to survive. The family has to decide whether to stay in their home country or to pack up and move to an unknown foreign country were the children possibly will not even speak the language. The deleterious impact of these public efforts has been most profound on immigrant children, many of whom may be U. S. citizens living with undocumented families. † (Androff et al. , 2011) Therefore the children are affected in every way from physical to mental due to the stress a child is put under at the time of deportation. May the child be a citizen or not of this country they did not chose to live this life and go through the suffering many are enduring. Some people say that it is the illegal immigrant who has been selfish and caused these problems for their children by entering the country illegally. As a result the government should find a fair way to reform immigration for the productive illegal immigrants. Immigration reform has been a topic for several years and still there is no reform. According to an article by Kim, (2012) â€Å"One state lawmaker wants to give illegal immigrants permission to work legally in the country if they dont have a criminal background. † If the illegal immigrant has lived in this country for a number of years without any major crime committed and they have a family, they should be penalize or fined not deported. Illegal immigrants who commit crimes other than simple driving violation should not be granted amnesty. There has to be reform in order to keep these families together or American citizen kids from being moved to an unknown country. This country needs some kind of immigration reform to keep children from suffering. With all this information you can clearly see the negative affects the immigration justice system is having on the family and children of illegal immigrants. Fathers and mothers are being ripped away from their children. When in all reality all they want is to give their children a better life and a fighting chance that they would not have in their own country. America is known as â€Å"the land of dreams and opportunity† and this is what most illegal immigrants want is an opportunity to fulfill their dreams in this country with their family. Therefore the government of our country should find away to reform immigration laws so the family and children of illegal immigrants are not affected in such a negative way.

Use Of Hydraulic Kers Commercially Engineering Essay

Use Of Hydraulic Kers Commercially Engineering Essay The potential of using a KERS on a bicycle to store hydraulic energy can be achieved using a device such as a hydraulic accumulator. In a hydraulic accumulator the potential energy is stored in the form of a compressed gas or spring, which is used to exert a force against a relatively incompressible fluid. Accumulators store energy when the hydraulic system pressure is greater than the accumulator pressure and releases hydraulic energy in the opposite case. By storing and providing hydraulic energy, accumulators can be used as a primary power source for a KERS. Accumulators are naturally dynamic devices; meaning they function when configuration changes, for example, valves opening and closing. Accumulators respond rapidly to configuration changes, and nearly instantaneously for gas accumulators. They are usually used in conjunction with a pump/motor in a hydraulic circuit. A hydraulic system utilizing an accumulator can use a smaller fluid pump since the accumulator stores energy from the pump during low demand periods. The pump doesnt need to be so large to cope with extremes of demand, therefore the supply circuit can respond more quickly to any temporary demand and to smooth pulsations. There are four types of accumulator: bladder, diaphragm bladder, piston (spring or gas controlled), and metal bellows. Depending on the application, the choice of most suited is based on the required speed of accumulator response, weight, reliability and cost. Compressed gas accumulators are the most commonly used type since they generally have the faster dynamic response and are most reliable. Accumulators with seals will generally have the lowest reliability as there is the potential for leaks. Pressurised gas accumulators take advantage of the fact, that the gas is compressible. The potential to store energy and the affect of the accumulator is dictated by its overall volume and pre-charge of the gas. The pre-charge is the pressure of the gas in the accumulator when there is no hydraulic fluid within the accumulator. Too high of a pre-charge pressure, reduces the fluid volume capacity, and limits the maximum amount of hydraulic energy that will be available to the system. A gas accumulator has a gas pre-charge, which is less than the nominal hydraulic system pressure. When hydraulic fluid enters the accumulator, the gas is compressed to the nominal system pressure, which is in an equilibrium position and corresponds to the maximum amount of energy that can be stored. As system hydraulic pressure drops, the gas will expand forcing hydraulic fluid back into the system. Most gas accumulators are bladder type, made up of a vessel divided into two volumes, by a flexible membrane. Within the bladder, nitrogen is stored under high pressure, which is an efficient and safe medium since the ability of gas to store energy increases exponentially as pressure rises and because of its inert properties. As fluid from the hydraulic circuit, enters the vessel (under system pressure) and impinges against the bladder, the gas is compressed allowing energy to be stored. The release of energy when required is achieved via conventional valve arrangement. Figure Bladder Accumulator [10] and [4] Use of hydraulic KERS commercially There are, a number of emerging systems that allow the operators of vehicles to reduce both fuel consumption and unwanted emissions, specifically to vehicles that are subject to constant stop-start operations, like for example buses, refuse collection vehicles (RCV). Constant stop-start operations, such as braking in large vehicles, produce considerable kinetic energy, which is wasted as heat. Capturing this energy using conventional hydraulic technology enables it to be stored and then returned to the vehicle systems. The potential uses are not just limited to aid subsequent acceleration (reducing the energy required from the engine), but can potentially power ancillary equipment. For example, RCVs can use stored energy to drive the hydraulic refuse compacting and packing mechanisms. This enables a significant reduction of engine speeds and operating noise [10]. Hydraulic Power Train Technology Hybrid hydraulic power-train technology normally incorporates a hydraulic system operating parallel to the IC engine to share the task of powering the vehicle. Although other arrangements are possible (in series), the simplest is where the conventional vehicle transmission and driveline components are replaced by a hydro-mechanical transmission, a system that works similarly to a hydrostatic CVT. In which the output shaft from the vehicles engine is used to drive a hydraulic pump that in turn supplies pressure to hydrostatic motors; these are then connected via a gearing mechanism to the vehicle power-train to drive the wheels [10]. These motors then, under braking, act as pumps to charge accumulators, where energy is stored before being released back to the power-train, transmitting torque to the driveshaft and propelling the vehicle. Fig depicts the capturing and releasing of energy in a hydraulic circuit. Engine Trans Pump/ Motor Low Pressure Accumulator High Pressure Accumulator Drive Shaft Capturing Releasing Figure Hydraulic Power-train Examples of Commercial Hydraulic KERS There are two commercial products of hydraulic hybrid KERS on todays market and both are implemented on delivery vehicles and refuse truck applications. These are Parker Energy Recovery System [6], and Eaton Hydraulic Launch Assistà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (HLA ®) [7 ].Prototype testing proposes typically regenerative braking capability captures about 70% of the KE produced during braking, minimizing the load on the engine, and helping to reduce fuel consumption [9]. The hydrostatic motors, when acting as pumps during vehicle braking, also help to slow the vehicle down by inducing drag on the rotating drive-train; a feature that helps to reduce brake wear [9] by more than 50% [8]. Generally these systems operate at a maximum pressure of 5,000 PSI [9]. The hybrid technologies are controlled by specialized systems that are activated upon braking. The controls prevent service brake application until just before a complete stop. They also monitor if the energy stored in the accumulator falls below a predetermined level, upon which the vehicle engine can be used to provide supplementary power. However, on vehicles with frequent stop-start cycles, this is seldom required as even gentle braking is sufficient to maintain the stored energy at high levels. http://www.eaton.com/ecm/groups/public/@pub/@eaton/@hybrid/documents/content/ct_132084.jpg Figure Hybrid Hydraulic KERS implemented on large Vehicles [7] The HLA ® has two modes of operation, Economy Mode and Performance Mode. When the operating in Economy Mode, the energy stored in the accumulator during braking is used alone to initially accelerate the vehicle. Once the accumulator has emptied, the engine will begin to perform the acceleration. This process results in increased fuel economy of 30% and provides increased acceleration of 2% [7 ]. Economy mode allows for maximum fuel savings maximum exhaust emission reductions of 20% to 30% [7]. In Performance Mode, acceleration is created by both the energy stored in the accumulator and the engine. Once the accumulator has emptied, the engine is completely responsible for acceleration.  While a 17% increase in fuel economy is possible, the greatest benefit is an increased acceleration of 26% [7]. The benefits of hybrid solution are numerous; reduced emissions, increased brake life, and better fuel economy. The technology also allows the possibility to reduce the size of the vehicle engine as this can be sized for peak speeds, rather than for low-end torque. Application of Hydraulic KERS to a Bicycle A team of engineering students from the University of Michigan [1] undertook a project to use a hydro-pneumatic regenerative braking system on a bicycle. It was a redevelopment of a heavier previous attempt to make a working prototype to fit within a 29 front wheel (fig). They use a 0.5 litre accumulator and believed this to be sufficient in storing the required energy at a maximum working system pressure of 5000psi. Its weighed an impractical 13kg almost as much as a bike and is its major drawback, its weight can be accounted for by its separate high and low accumulators, separate hydraulic pump and motor and its relatively large mounting bracket (fig). Figure Prototype Hydry-pneumatic KERS from the University of Michigan [1] Calculations They failed to test and thus supply conclusive results for the performance characteristics of their prototype, but instead prescribed its key performance parameters via theoretical calculations. In the same way and based on the same calculations the following section outlines the performance of a hydro-pneumatic KERS. Storage Capacity Firstly for a hydraulic system to be implemented the storage of fluid must be addressed, the capacity must be determined and pressures needed to store the kinetic energy. The combined mass of cyclist and bicycle (90kg) braking from 32km/h (20mph) has 2880kJ of kinetic energy. Parker [5] (manufacture of accumulator and motors) rates the ACP series accumulators at max pressure 5000psi, if assuming ideal gas law: () So () Parker rates the ACP Series Accumulators 2 bore with capacities of 0.32l, 0.5l, 0.75l. If the accumulator has a pre-charge of P1 = 3200psi and max pressure is P2=5000psi; then rearranging gives: () Taking the capacity as: V1=0.5l gives V2= 0.32l. Energy stored is: () Thus 0.5l capacity accumulator pre-charged to 3200psi provides more than 5kJ. Hydraulic Motor/Pump Performance Fig presents torque-rpm curve for the Parker 09 series hydraulic motor. It will be used to determine braking and launching performance of the hydraulic motor/pump. Figure Torque-Rpm Curves for Parker 09 Series Hydraulic Motor [1] Braking A hydraulic KERS must use a hydraulic motor to provide enough torque to run the bicycle as well as providing enough resistive torque to be an effective brake. If the bicycle travelling at 32km/h (20mph) on 0.66m (26inch) diameter wheels, which spins the motor at 4632rpm through the 18:1 gear ratio of the pump gear train, then this corresponds to 4.52Nm of torque at 3000psi (fig ). This translates to a braking torque of about 81.36Nm applied to the main gear due to the 18:1 gear ratio. Launching On release of pressure, a fully charged 5000psi accumulator generates 7.57Nm of torques (fig). The 14:1 gear ratio of the motor gear train applies a 105 Nm torque to the main bicycle cluster gear. 7.57Nm corresponds to around 800rpm from motors torque rpm curve (fig), which turns the main gear at around 57rpm due to the 14:1 gear ratio. This is an initial speed of 8km/h (5mph) which will increase as pressure is expended. Advantages In many applications, especially those where high power densities are required, hydro-pneumatic systems offer a more efficient alternative to system driven by electric motors. The technology can be used to capture and transfer high levels of energy extremely quickly compared with similarly sized electric systems, which generally require long periods over which batteries have to be charged. They are also likely to have a longer operating life than battery-powered systems. Disadvantages The main disadvantage of a hydro-pneumatic KERS would be its weight, which is attributed to by weight of hydraulic fluid, accumulator material (steel), and the fact that in application it would be necessary to have separate high and low pressure accumulators. As well as potentially needing separate hydraulic pump and motor. In hydro-pneumatic systems when the gas is not charged by the hydraulic fluid and thus not storing energy, the fluid can be considered dead weight. If implemented on a bicycle to be used as a KERS, this would be counterproductive. Lastly hydro-pneumatic systems are limited where consistent levels of power are required for extended periods at near constant speeds, such as long-distance cruising. Conclusion The major consideration when using hydro-pneumatic accumulator for storing the energy whilst braking, is of course the loss of pressurized gas in a sealed accumulator. It is a failure critical to safety when it plays such an important role as braking. It is apparent the hydraulic accumulator needed for a KERS, does not have an excessively large capacity (pre-charged to 3200psi), in order to release enough energy to propel a bike to 32km/h (20mph). Furthermore, a hydraulic motor can produce 81.36Nm braking torque which makes it an effective brake. However based on the weight of the prototype (13kg) from the University of Michigan, it is impractical to use a hydro-pneumatic technology, as it stands currently, for a bicycle KERS.

H.H Holmes: Serial Killer

H.H Holmes: Serial Killer Eloisa Luzuriaga Herman Webster Mudgett better known as H. H Holmes was one of the first serial killers in America. He was born on May 16, 1861 in Gilmanton, New Hampshire, to a wealthy family (H.H. Holmes). As a young boy Holmes was constantly bullied. His bullies found out about his fear of the local doctors office so they took him there and forced him to touch a human skeleton. Instead of getting scared he was fascinated by the experience. Since that day his interest in human anatomy was born. Holmes became obsessed with death, he started dissecting dogs, cats, or any homeless animal he could find. His experiments with animals were just a rehearsal for what was yet to come. On July 8, 1878, New Hampshire, Holmes married Clara A. Lovering of Alton. She was the daughter of a rich local farmer. They had a son named Robert Lovering Mudgett, he was born on February 3, 1880, in Loudon, New Hampshire. His marriage with Clara had failed apart. One year later he left New Hampshire to attend the University of Michigan Medical School. It was there that he gave himself his own nickname Dr. Henry Howard Holmes. He stole corpses from medical laboratories. He disfigured the corpses and planted them where they would be found as accidents. He collected the insurance money from policies of the corpses and then he would claim they were the relatives of H.H. Holmes. He graduated from Medical School in 1884 (Herman Webster Mudgett). After graduating he moved to Chicago. There he was involved in some businesses like real state and promotional deals. He married Myrta Z. Belknap on January 28, 1887, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Although he was still married to Clara Lovering this made him a bigamist. He had a daughter with Myrta named Lucy Theodore Holmes, born 4 July 1889 in Englewood, Illinois. Myrtas father was a wealthy businessman, a man Holmes had unsuccessfully tried to kill. The family of three lived in the Chicago suburb of Wilmette. Holmes started working at a pharmacy. The owner was Dr. E.S. Holton who suffered from cancer and his wife was in charge of the pharmacy. She was an old woman that needed an assistant. Holmes got the job and manipulated her into selling him the pharmacy. They made an agreement that she could still live in the upstairs apartment even after Holton died. When Holton died, Holmes murdered Mrs. Holton. She became Holmes first known killing. He told people that Mrs. Holton moved to Cal ifornia (H.H. Holmes Serial Killer Part 2 of 4). Holmes bought a lot across from the pharmacy, where he built his three story building that was later nicknamed Murder Castle. This hotel was designed by Holmes and was opened in 1893 for the Worlds Columbian Exposition. His sole purpose for the hotel was to lure, trap, dismember, and murder guests. During the construction of the hotel he often fired builders as they became suspicious about the design of the hotel. From the outside the building looked like a Medieval fortress, complete with turret. The first floor had Holmes relocated drugstore and various shops like a jeweler. The other two upper floors contained his office as well as a maze of trap doors, secret compartments, and hidden stairways. The most disturbing room was the basement which was equipped with medical tools, poisons, torture devices, and acid filled pits. From his bedroom Holmes controlled gas pipes that led up to the basement to specific rooms so he could put his victims unconscious. For a period of three years, Holmes picked female victims from among his hotel guests, employees, and lovers to torture and kill them. Some were locked in soundproof bedrooms shaped with gas lines that allowed him to asphyxiate them at any time. Others were locked in a vast bank vault near his office so he could sit and enjoy the show as they screamed, panicked, and suffocated due to the soundproof vault. The bodies of the victims went by a secret chute to the basement, where some were dissected, stripped of flesh, crafted into skeleton models, and then sold to medical schools. He also placed the bodies in lime pits and cremated them for destruction. Holmes performed hundreds of illegal abortions and some of his patients died during the procedure. He was able to easily sell skeletons and organs because of the connections he made through medical school (A Double Dose of Macabre). Following the Worlds fair, with the fall of the economy and with creditors closing in, Holmes left Chicago. He moved to Fort Worth, Texas where he inherited property from two sisters, he had promised one of them marriage but he murdered both of them. He planned to construct another castle but he abandoned the idea because he found the law enforcement climate in Texas inhospitable. In July 1894, Holmes was arrested for the first time, for a horse swindle that ended in St. Louis. While in jail he met a convicted train robber named Marion Hedgepeth. Later he was bailed out of jail. Holmes had a plan to bilk an insurance company out of $20,000 by taking out a policy on himself and then faking his death. He promised Marion a $500 commission in exchange of a lawyer he could trust. He was led to Colonel Jeptha Howe who found Holmes plan brilliant. But his plan failed when the insurance company became suspicious and refused to pay. He made another plan with his sales associate Pitezel. Pitezel agreed to fake his own death so that his wife could collect the $10,000 policy, which she had to split with Holmes and Howe. The plan would take place in Philadelphia and Pitezel would set himself up as an inventor, named B.F. Perry, and then be killed and disfigured in a lab explosion. Holmes had to find a cadaver to play the role of Pitezel. But Holmes killed Pitezel and colle cted the policy of his corpse. He then manipulated Pitezels wife into allowing three of her five children to stay in his custody. Only the oldest daughter and baby remained with Mrs. Pitezel. He traveled through the northern U.S. and into Canada with the rest of the children whose names were Alice, Nellie, and Howard. He lied to Mrs. Pitezel about her husbands death and her children whereabouts. A detective from Philadelphia had tracked Holmes and found the decomposed bodies of the two Pitezel girls in Toronto. He then followed Holmes to Indianapolis where Holmes had rented a cottage. He was reported to have visited a drugstore where he purchased the drugs that he used to kill Howard, and a repair shop to sharpen the knives he used to chop the body before he burned it. Howards teeth and bits of bone were discovered in the cottages chimney (Herman Webster Mudgett). In 1894 the police were tipped off by Marion because Holmes refused to pay him the $500 that he promised him. Holmes was finally arrested in Boston on November 17, 1894. The police investigated the castle and uncovered Holmes methods of committing murders and the disposing of his corpses. In August 19, 1895, a fire of mysterious origin consumed the castle. The site now serves as a U.S. Post office building. While Holmes was in prison in Philadelphia the Chicago police began to unravel what really happened to Pitezel and his three missing children. Holmes was put on trial for the murder of Pitezel and he confessed to 27 murders in Chicago. He was paid $7,500 by the Hearst Papers in exchange for his confession. One of Holmes most famous quotes published in the North American Philadelphia on April 11, 1896, was I was born with the devil in me. I could not help the fact that I was a murderer, no more than the poet can help the inspiration to sing I was born with the Evil One standing as my sponsor beside the bed where I was ushered into the world, and he has been with me since (Mysterious Chicago Tours). On May 7, 1896 Holmes was hanged at Moyamensing Prison. Before his death Holmes remained calm and affable. He showed few signs of fear, depression, or anxiety. His neck didnt snap immediately, he died slowly, strangling for fifteen minutes before being pronounced dead twenty minutes after the trap was sprung. He requested that he be buried in concrete and that no one would be allowed to dissect his body. His request was granted. On March 7, 1914, a story in the Chicago Tribune reported the death of the caretaker of the castle, his name was Pat Quinlan. He committed suicide by taking strychnine and the newspaper reported that his death meant the mysteries of the castle would remain unexplained. Quinlans relatives claimed that he had been haunted for several months before his death and that he couldnt sleep (The San Francisco Call). Works Cited H.H. Holmes. Biography.com. AE Networks Television, 08 Nov. 2016. Web. 17 Feb. 2017. Blanco, Juan Ignacio. Herman Webster Mudgett. Murderpedia, the Encyclopedia of Murderers. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2017 Worldofkillers28. H.H. Holmes Serial Killer Part 2 of 4. YouTube. YouTube, 06 Feb. 2011. Web. 18 Feb. 2017. Glenn, Alan. A Double Dose of Macabre. Michigan Today. N.p., 22 Oct. 2013. Web. 18 Feb. 2017. Mystery Channel. American First Serial Killer Doctor Who Ran Is Own Murder Castle. YouTube. YouTube, 16 Oct. 2015. Web. 19 Feb. 2017. The San Francisco Call. (San Francisco [Calif.]) 1895-1913, May 08, 1896, Image 1. News about Chronicling America RSS. Charles M. Shortridge, n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2017. Adam. Did H.H. Holmes really say I was born with the Devil in me? Mysterious Chicago Tours. N.p., 22 Nov. 2011. Web. 19 Feb. 2017. The Yale Expositor. (Yale, St. Clair County, Mich.) 1894-current, March 12, 1914, Image 6. News about Chronicling America RSS. JAS. A. Menzies, n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2017

The Alchemist Essay -- essays research papers

"That's the principle that governs all things. In alchemy, it's called the Soul of the World. When you want something with all your heart, that's when you are closest to the Soul of the World. It's always a positive force" (80). Anything I've ever wanted to happen bad enough, there has always been a way for me to achieve that goal. Or an alternative that could be more beneficial appears. Except, I wouldn't quite call it the Soul of the World. I'd call it the will of God. Both Santiago in "The Alchemist" and the priest's son in "The Water's of Babylon" worked with the Soul of the World or the will of God. Whatever one calls it, the Soul of the World or the will of God, it is an unstoppable force. If there is a will there is a way. 	Santiago's goal was to reach the treasure at the pyramids in Egypt. From the moment he had the dream about the treasure, the world worked with him so he could realize that goal. Here, Santiago discovers some good omens for his journey: " 'In order to find the treasure, you will have to follow the omens. God has prepared a path for everyone to follow. You just have to read the omens that he left for you.' Before the boy could reply, a butterfly appeared between him and the old man. He remembered something his grandfather had once told him: that butterflies were a good omen. Like crickets, and like expectations; like lizards and four-leaf clovers." 	Even when Santiago had almost given up his j...

Not Everyone Can Be a Servant Leader Essay -- Servant Leadership

There are ten characteristics of a servant leader: listening (communication between leaders and followers as an interactive process that includes sending and receiving messages), empathy (â€Å"standing in the shoes† of another person and seeing the world from their point of view), healing (to make whole by caring about the well-being of their followers), awareness (being acutely attuned and receptive to physical, social and political environments), persuasion (clear and persistent communication that convinces someone to change), conceptualization (ability to be a visionary for an organization and providing a clear sense of its goals and direction), foresight (ability to know the future and predict what is coming based on what is happening now and what has occurred in the past), stewardship (taking responsibility for the leadership role and accepting responsibility to carefully mange the people and organization), commitment to the growth of people (helping each person grow per sonally and professionally), and building community (fostering the development of the community), (Spears, 2002 as cited in Northouse 2013). I think that most people are probably capable to be servant leaders; however, I do not agree that everyone can learn to be a servant leader or even desire to be a servant leader. A servant leader as stated above has to have certain characteristics. Not everyone has all of these characteristics nor do I think these characteristics can be learned. It seems to me, either you have them or you don’t. If you don’t have all these characteristics, it would seem to me that servant leadership wouldn’t be as effective and therefore, would have greater chance of failure on both the leader and the follower. For example, some people sim... ...ply don’t want to put forth such a tremendous amount of behavior that is required to be a servant leader. I think that if the right type of individual is selected, servant leadership can produce very good results not only for the leader, but also the follower and ultimately the organization. As Norhouse (2013), explains, servant leadership has been used in a variety of organizations including Starbucks, AT&T, Southwest and more. It has also been taught at many colleges and universities as well. I think that with the right individual and the right training, it is a very successful type of leadership; however, I still don’t agree that everyone can learn to be a servant leader. References: Northouse, P.G. (2013). Servant Leadership. In L.C. Shaw & P. Quinlin (Eds.), Leadership theory and practice (6th ed.) (pp.219-252). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

IBM Selling Plan :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

IBM Selling Plan Executive Summary We have selected IBM as a prospective buyer for Nidec’s spindle motors. For the past several months, Nidec has been the sole supplier of cooling fans for the production of IBM’s servers. Using this strong relationship as a base, we will present three main reasons for IBM to use Nidec as a supplier for spindle motors as well. First, Nidec is able to charge a lower price than competitors. This feature is possible because Nidec’s 70% spindle motor market share allows the company to achieve economies of scale. Second, Nidec is committed to pursuing a double-win philosophy with its customers. IBM can count on Nidec to provide the best solution to its many design and production problems. Nidec will work with IBM and IBM’s suppliers to facilitate the design and production of new products. Finally, Nidec places primary focus on the quality of its products from design to delivery. With one of the lowest DPPM’s in the industry, Nidec has demonstrated its ability and dedication to maintaining a high level of consistency and reliability. We are scheduled to give a presentation to a commodity manager and commodity engineer from IBM’s hard disk drive department on February 22, 2000. This presentation will be persuasive in nature. It has one primary objective: closing the sale! By â€Å"closing the sale,† we mean securing a two-year agreement with IBM to purchase spindle motors exclusively from Nidec. If this objective cannot be met, we are confident that we will at least be able to secure a visit to Nidec’s site in San Jose. A plant visit would surely convince IBM that Nidec offers the best solution. Customer Background Customer Profile IBM is the world’s leading information technology company. From its beginning in 1890, the company has had a history of providing innovative solutions to complex problems. One of the more recent of IBM’s innovations is its server technology. IBM is widely known for producing high quality and powerful servers for a variety of businesses, including retail, manufacturing, finance, distribution, health, legal, transportation, insurance and education (www.ibm.com/servers/). IBM produces dozens of different types of servers comprising five separate categories: AS/400, Netfinity, NUMA-Q, RS/6000, and S/390. These servers are sold in more than 120 countries and can run on over 49 different languages (www.ibm.com/servers). They are adaptable to multiple platforms, and are compatible with thousands of software programs. During the past several years, IBM has spent billions of dollars incorporating the most advanced technological capabilities into its servers.

Andrew Marvell’s poem ‘To His Coy Mistress’ Essay

In this essay I will compare and contrast Andrew Marvell’s poem, ‘To His Coy Mistress’, with Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s sonnet, ‘How Do I Love Thee†¦?’ Andrew Marvell’s poem is about an older man trying persuade a younger women to ‘carpe diem’ (seize the day), in order to make love to her, by using compliments and flattery, ‘Vaster than empires, and should go to praise.'(Stanza 1, line 12) Additionally, Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s sonnet is about a female who is expressing her feelings towards a male. Judging by the poem, the woman is deeply in love with the man in a spiritual sense, ‘I love thee to the depth and breadth and height, my soul can reach.’ (Line 2-3) ‘To His Coy Mistress’ is a comparatively long poem of 46 lines, which is divided into three stanzas, representing different parts of the argument for which he is trying to persuade her to sleep with him. In the first stanza, the man flatters the women by using grandiose imagery and hyperbole. He says that her ‘coyness’ would be of no consequence ‘had we but world enough and time’ (Line 1) and then follows with more detail in the following stanzas. The older man also shows how interested he is by expressing the magnitude of his feelings, by explaining how he would, ‘love you ten years before the flood’ (Line 8), even if his love were to remain unrequited, ’till the conversation of the Jews.'(Line 10) In addition he then describes how long he would be prepared to appreciate all of her physical attributes, ‘two hundred to adore each breast, But thirty thousand to the rest.'(Line 15-16) On one hand, he is trying to prove to the young women how much he wants her; on the other hand she could perceive his words in the wrong way, maybe he just wants to sleep with her? You could argue that this is satirising the king’s court, because even though he is flattering her, it is inappropriate to assume that he would be allowed to look at her for this long period of time. In the second stanza, he continues to us the grandiose imagery from the first stanza, but introduces a sense of urgency. When he says, ‘but’ in the very first line, the audience realises that there is going to be a shift in focus. He now says that he hears ‘times winged chariot hurrying near.'(Line 22) From this point, his imagery becomes increasingly desperate. He tries to shock the women into sleeping with him, by talking about her ‘coyness’, and if she perseveres in life that way, she runs the risk of only ‘worms†¦trying that long preserved virginity.'(Line 27-28) He says that his attitude will turn to dust and ‘into ashes all my lust.'(Line 30) This sentence makes the audience more aware of his actual intentions by saying the word ‘lust’ rather than ‘love’, making us believe that he has betrayed his true motives, and slipped up in front of the woman, he is making out he ‘loves’. In the last stanza of ‘To His Coy Mistress’, it sees him almost demand that they make ‘sport’ (love). The imagery on this stanza becomes more erotic, and may have more than one interpretation. ‘Let us roll†¦.up into one ball, and tear our pleasures†¦through the iron gates of life.'(Line 41 and 44) Rolling up into a ball could represent two people making love together or a cannon ball which will smash down, ‘the iron gates of life.’ These gates could represent the woman’s chastity belt or society’s conventions which would frown upon an extramarital affair. The last two lines are similarly ambiguous. They both tie in with lines from the second stanza. ‘Thus, through we cannot make our sun, stand still, yet we will make him run’ (Line 45 – 46), suggests that they should make the most of their time they are spending together, and conceive a child (son). Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s poem, ‘How do I love thee†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ presents quite a contrast to Andrew Marvell’s poem. Its imagery is humble, and very personal. It is an expression of deep love and devotion from one person to another. The purpose of the poem is to quantify the dimensions of her love and at the beginning of the poem, it is very clear to the audience that this woman is deeply in love with her partner By starting with the line, ‘How do I love thee? Let me count the ways'(Line 1) she begins to compare her love to religion and emotions rather than physical attributes, ‘I love thee freely, as men strive for right.’ (Line 7) The imagery she uses to supposedly quantify this love is suggestive of infinity, and a love which has no boundaries, even after the soul is free from the physical body, ‘I shall but love thee after death.’ (Line 14) Constructive descriptions are always used in this poem, compared to Andrew Marvell’s, which also describes the negative issues. Besides Browning’s poem having a very romantic meaning, you could question why the woman needs to prove her love for her partner, because she continually mentions and repeats, ‘I love thee†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ in most of her sentences. She could be indeed counting the ways she loves her partner, however maybe her partner needs reassuring of her love for him. One could argue that, Barrett Browning chose the sonnet form for this poem, for the purposes of contrast; to take something which is supposedly infinitive (her love) and place it in a finite and restricted form (sonnet). Alternatively, people could think different because there are such strict rules governing sonnet writing, (i.e. 10 syllables per line, 14 lines etc) and people might question why she chose such a rigid format, for something which she feels most strongly about. Overall, the two poems are opposites, but they are both concerned with the concept of time, human life and love. At the end of the poem, browning says, ‘if god choose, I shall love thee better after death,'(Line 13-14) showing that even after she dies, her love for this man will continue to grow, loving him for eternity. ‘To His Coy Mistress’, and ‘How Do I Love Thee†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ have many correlations with each other. For example; Both poems are about love; but represent different kinds of love. Andrew Marvell’s poem is about lust and sexual gratification, while Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s poem is about true love and loyalty. The sonnet is written from a women’s point of view, where she expresses her true love for her husband. The other poem is written from a mature mans point of view, and represemts his lust for a younger women. This poem is an elaborate ‘chat up line’ to present a logical argument in order to persuade her to make love to him. This can show how the significance of a poem can differ because of the century it has been written in. ‘To his coy mistress’, was written in the 1600’s while ‘How do I love thee†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ was written in the 1800’s. The cultural difference between these two periods, is the writing style, as in the 1600’s people were interested in composing clever arguments, and were more interested in writing about sex, lust and passion. Whereas in the 1800’s, the poems written had more true meaning, with a deeper, more romantic feeling. ‘And into ashes all my lust’, compared to, ‘How do I love thee†¦Let me count the ways.’ Many love poems are written in a very traditional format, with very strict rules. Elizabeth Barrett Browning took the challenge to write about something which is supposed to have no limits (love) into something which is restricted (sonnet). On the other hand Andrew Marvell’s poem is all based around ‘carpe diem’, in a non-traditional format, with no strict rules or guide-lines. This can affect the imagery used as one has no limitation to the amount of syllables, lines or stanzas, while the other has a restricted format leaving a certain amount of phrases which can be used. Clearly this means that there are different types of imagery used between the two poems since, ‘How do I love thee†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ uses abstract and emotional imagery, which tends to be highly personal and humble. In some cases you cannot quite put a finger on what she is describing. ‘I love thee to the level of every day, most quite nearby sun and candlelight. (Line 5-6) ‘To His Coy Mistress’, tends to use ostentatious hyperbole and grandiose imagery. He uses big overdone, tacky images, by using phrases such as, ‘times winged chariot’, ‘instant fires’ and ‘iron gates of life.’ You can picture what the man is describing; but on the other hand, you can tell that he might be misleading the audience to make them believe that he is in love with this woman. Throughout the whole of my essay, I have come to the conclusion, that both poems have many comparisons, similarities and differences. They both describe a form of love between two people. In my opinion, the poem I prefer is, ‘To his coy mistress’, because it had more of an effect on me, because of the language used. The man comes across as very desperate, but on the other hand with very good charisma. The imagery used is effective, as I could relate and imagine what he is describing. As well as keeping the audience intrigued on what the women will do next, he leaves the ending on a cliff hanger, by not telling on the final decision the women makes! However, I do not dislike the poem, ‘How do I love thee†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ because it has appropriate language for the concept she is describing. I just think it is rather tedious describing only the optimistic qualities about a person, for the reason that everybody has faults and pessimistic attributes. Furthermore, I didn’t find it unique or distinctive from other love poems, since the language and imagery was very similar.

The Glass Menagerie (Critical Article #1)

l limitr of the Ameri toilet psychoanalytical tie http//apa. s termpub. com Tennessee Williams The Uses of revelatory Memory in the grump zoo Daniel Jacobs J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2001 50 1259 inside 10. 1177/00030651020500040901 The online version of this article jakes be anchor at http//apa. sagepub. com/cgi/content/ verbotenline/50/4/1259 Published by http//www. sagepublications. com On behalf of Ameri crowd proscribed Psychoanalytic Association Additional services and in shaping for diary of the Ameri low liveness Psychoanalytic Association heap be found at electronic mail Alerts http//apa. agepub. com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions http//apa. sagepub. com/subscriptions Reprints http//www. sagepub. com/journalsReprints. nav Permissions http//www. sagepub. com/journalsPermissions. nav Citations http//apa. sagepub. com/cgi/content/refs/50/4/1259 D consumeloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at atomic number 20 digital program library on kinsfolk 9, 2009 jap a Daniel Jacobs 50/ 4 TENNESSEE WILLIAMS THE USES OF indicatory wargonhousing IN THE ice-skating rink menagerie Tennessee Williams c exclusivelyed his first large cash in ones chips, The scrap Menagerie, his storeho intent repair. The situation in which Williams found himself when he began compose the wanton is explored, as ar the re breakations in which he occasiond the indicative mood re arrangement of his protagonist, tom Wingfield, to express and hatch with his proclaim painful conflicts. Williamss use of full stop directions, lighting, and unison to evoke computer storage board and offer it three-dimensional is described. Through a confining athletic field of The glaze over Menagerie, the m any(prenominal) uses of depot for the purposes of manage fulfillment, conflict resolution, and resilience ar examined. T he agency St. Louis, Missouri.The category 1943. Thomas Lanier Williams, age thirty- cardinal, kn decl be as Tennessee, has returned to his p arnts understru cture. He has had a few excus commensurate successes. Several of his brusker wanton a counsels deport been produced by the Mummers in St. Louis. For another, demonstrated by the Webster Grove field of force Guild, he was awarded an engraved silver measure plate. He has retained Audrey Wood as his literary agent and with her attention had or so(prenominal) geezerhood earlier won a Rockefeller fellowship to support his writing. scarcely Williamss F eachen Angels bombed in capital of mom the introductory summer.Its sponsor, the Theater Guild, decided not to dumbfound the simulated military operation to freshly York. Since obtaining a B. A. from the University of Iowa in l938, Williams has been broke to a greater extent often than not. He has no home of his own. Hes led an itinerant existence, living in raw Orleans, bran-new York, Provincetown, and Mexico, as closely as Macon, Georgia, and Training and Supervising Analyst, capital of Massachu sitets Psychoanalytic So ciety and Institute faculty, Massachu watchts Institute for Psychoanalysis Assistant clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School.Submitted for publication October 12, 2001. Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at calcium digital depository library on phratry 9, 2009 Daniel Jacobs 1260 Culver City, California. He has subsisted on secondary jobswaiting tables, operating an elevator, ushering at depiction theaterstasks for which he is not f itted and from which he is often f ired. His vision in peer little eye is compromised by a cataract that has already necessitated surgery. And adept so whizzr wretched tooshie home from cutting York, he was beaten up by sailors he took to the Cla relinquishge Hotel for a informal liaison.Arriving home in 1943, Tennessee f inds many involvements unchanged his p atomic number 18nts, Cornelius and Edwina, bear unhappily married and their corrosive quarrels f ill the house. Williams must again deal with the arrest he despi ses. Tennessee is pressured by Cornelius, who hostile his return home, to f ind a job. If Tennessee every(prenominal)ow not return to work at the International Shoe Company, as Cornelius advises, because he must earn his stay by performing endless house servant chores. moreover it is the changes in the family that ar tear down to a greater extent troubling. Williamss younger fellow Dacon is in the army and may be sent into combat afterwards elemental training.His maternal grandparents sustain plyd in because Grandma roseate, now conf ined to an upstairs bedroom, is lento dying. Most important of all, Tennessees erotic love babe, also named flush and two years older than he, is no wideer at home. She has in concomitant been at the commonwealth Asylum in Farmington since l937. Diagnosed schizophrenic, she has recently underg whizz a bilateral pre campaignal lobotomy to hold back her fast-growing(a) behavior and overtly sexual preoccupations. During this stay at home, Williams visits Rose for the f irst cadence since her surgery.He f inds her behavior more lady akin, al wizard she remains clearly delusional. The lobotomy, Williams realizes, was a tragically misinterpreted procedure that divest her of any possibility of returning to modal(prenominal) bread and simplyter (Williams 1972, p. 251). The poor children, he close up save of his St. Louis childhood, used to run all over town, further my sister and I blowouted in our own back yard. . . . We were so close to for each one other, we had no need of others (Nelson 1961. p. 4). Now, for Tennessee, Rose is irretrievably wooly-minded except as a stock, alternately recalled in pain and shut out in self-defense.Williams stick outnot abide his situation, thrown amid his parents snowflaketer quarrels, the slow termination of his grandmother, and the terrible absence seizure of his sister. His moreover function the hours of writing he does e really twenty-four hours in the r oot cellar of the family home. Here, between washing garage windows and repairing the gutters on the back porch, he writes the storehouse move that he f irst calls The Gentlemen Caller and then Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA digital LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 declarative mood retrospect IN THE GLASS MENAGERIE The looking crosspatch Menagerie.The piece of cake is a brilliant, profound, and intricate study of declarative holding and its psychological uses. DECLARATIVE MEMORY Declarative repositing is the establishment that provides the basis for conscious recollection of facts and events. tho this system, we know, is not just a storage warehouse of information, of veridical memories of actual happenings that can be retrieved at exit. Rather, like an autobiographical play, declarative memory is a productive affectionate system forged from retiring(a) events and from the fears, cravinges, and conf licts of the one who is remembering.As Schacter (1995) notes, The way you remember depends on the purposes and goals at the succession you attempt to recall it. You service samara the picture during the act of recalling (p. 23). It was just this thickening and yeasty aspect of memory formation that led Freud (l899) to write that our childhood memories instal us our earliest years nevertheless as they appeared in later periods when memory was aroused (p. 322). The stories we tell of our lives are as much about meanings as they are about facts. In the subjective and discriminating telling of the one- eon(prenominal), our histories are not just recalled, save reconstructed.History is not recounted, however remade. Williams tacit this when he wrote, in the stage directions of The blur Menagerie, that memory takes a lot of license, it omits some expand, others are exaggerated to the unrestrained lever of the article it touches, for memory is seated preponderantly in the heart (p. 21). Williams has tomcat Wingf ield, t he plays protagonist, tell us this. In his opening speech, tomcat is twain creative operative and unreliable rememberer I claim tricks in my pockets. I have things up my sleeve. . . . I give you truth in the pleasant guise of illusion (p. 2). In this way, Williams warns us from the plays low that memory is a tricky business sectorf ickle, changeable, susceptible to distortion and embellishment, but always true to the current ruttish needs of the rememberer. This paper is an exploration of the emotional needs of the remembererof tomcat Wingfield, the rememberer in the play, and tom turkey Williams, the rememberer as writer. Williams could have chosen any f irst name for his protagonist. He chose his own to emphasize the loosening of boundaries between fact and f iction.It is as though he is telling us that autobiographywhich is, after all, organized declarative memoryis Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 1261 Daniel Jac obs 1262 an elaborate f iction base on facts. And that f iction (the creative use of memory) is at its heart emotional autobiography. two gobbler Wingf ield and turkey cock Williams carry a burden of guilt for leaving the family, curiously a disabled sister, and have a need to apologize their behavior by dint of the use of recollection.Both Toms live with deep melancholy onside a need to penalize against loved ones who have disap demoed them. computer storage is for some(prenominal) Toms, as for all of us, a coat of many colors, worn to set us apart from others as easily as link us to them, to justify our prime(prenominal)s, to take revenge on others, to struggle with them, to kill them formerly again, or to resuscitate them from the grave. The distortions and selective uses of memory are as manifold as the needs of the rememberer. Williams endows each character in his play with his or her own dynamic uses of memory.Amanda can escape the irateness of her current s ituation by evoking memories of a sniffy past. She is like a patient Kris (l956b) describes who eon the tensions of the submit were menaceening . . . was master of those conjured up in recollection (p. 305). Amandas use of memories is aggressive as well, used as a weapon against her husband and children. In forever creaseing the memories of a beaming spring chicken with the unhappiness of her marriage and the bleakness of her childrens lives, her anger and competitiveness take a brutal form. Unlike Amanda, her daughter Laura, who is crippled, has relatively few memories.But the memory of Jim, the human being caller, provides her a modicum of comfort. In a pale and paltry imitation of her mothers recollections of a house f illed with jonquils, she recalls that Jim gives her a unmarried bouquet of sorts, the sobriquet blue roses. It is a nickname derived from his psychologically intuitive interpret of the illness pleurosis, which had kept Laura out of aim. She cannot contend with her mother in the fond memory department and retreats to the concrete but soft satisfactions of her sugarcoat menagerie, where memory and imagination are safely storeduntil Jim arrives.The gentleman caller is a man who lives in the present and seems to have little use for the past. It is the future to which he constructions. In fact, one feels that memory of his lavishly inculcate greatness are both a satisfaction and a threat to him. For he, like John Updikes pose Angstrom (1960) testament never baffle the glory days of the past. He says as much to Laura But just look rough you and you will see wads of people disappointed as you are. For instance, I had hoped when I was passing to high school that I would be further along at this time, six years later, Downloaded from http//apa. agepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 DECLARATIVE MEMORY IN THE GLASS MENAGERIE than I am now. You remember that wonderful write-up I had in The Torch (p. 94 ). While Amanda revels in her triumphant past as a way of dealing with the present, Jim runs from his into the future. Seeing in the crippled Laura some aspect of his own feared limitations, he tries to help her over scrape hers by rise and f inally a pet. His inability to help her in the end may be a harbinger of his own failures.MEMORY AND sacking Williams was aware also that declarative memory is anomalous in that it resurrects and keeps alive in the present what is dead and gone forever. Referring to this paradoxical aspect of memory, he wrote that when Wordsworth speaks of daffodils or Shelley of the amuse or Hart Crane of the diffused and inspiring structure of the Brooklyn Bridge, the screen imagism is not so opaque that one cannot venture behind it the ineluctable form of Ophelia (Leverich 1995, p. 536). The real presence of memory implies loss.Memory, if you will, is the exquisite bright corpse that both denies and acknowledges what has passed by. There is for al l of us that double vision that memory imparts, one that at once has the capacity to help and to hurt. Declarative memory provides coherence and direction to our lives, but also reminds us that our path inevitably tracks to disintegration and death. The daffodils recollected in tranquility are, at the alike time, Ophelias garland. Amanda Wingf ields recollection of her past social triumphs but reminds us of how much time has passed and how many hopes have been dashed.Lauras addition to the happy memories of childhood innocence equal by her grump menagerie only makes harsher the realities of her expectant life sentence and the bleakness of her future. Laura and Amanda are represented as having a choice between the infantile omnipotence of their past or a heart of victimization in the present. When Amanda stirs up old memories as a hedge against the painful present and indefinite future, they are only partially effective. For the contrast between past and present, and th e knowledge that what is past will never come again, lead only to further depression and concern (Schneiderman 1986).Similarly, behind Tom the protagonists memory of Laura at home lies, for Tom the author, the real Rose in a current assure of institutionalized madness. Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 1263 Daniel Jacobs MEMORY AND RESILIENCE 1264 Davis (2001) points out the portion declarative memory can make to resilience by means of comfort af fects that are evoked in recalling a declarative memory of a sweet relationship with a parent or other important person (p. 459).Such memories can grow directly out of heartily relationships or they can be achieved with retrieving and modifying memory of more problematic attachments (p. 466). Davis illustrates his point with the example of Mr. Byrne, a subject in a longitudinal study of big(p) development. Davis focuses on the fact that in interviews at different time in adu lt life, Mr. Byrnes memories of his father changed. At age forty-six, surrounded by a corroborative community and family, Mr. Byrne had no memories of his alcoholic and tumble-down father and did not think his fathers beingness a f ireman had inf luenced his own decision to induce one.At sixty-six, retired and with his children grown, Mr. Byrne had succeeded in f inding his father inside as a sustaining inner object in declarative memory (p. 465). He did so through creating or retrieving warm memories of their times together in the f irehouse and by misremembering the humiliating events of his fathers death so as to have a more positive image of him. Mr. Byrnes father had committed suicide, alone and away(p) from the family. But late in life, Mr. Byrne communicate frequently of his fathers having taken him to the f ire station when he was a youngster.He was now sure these happy times with his father had inf luenced his decision to become a f ireman himself. He set(p) his fathe rs death in a family setting and claimed to have been the one who found him. Davis points out that we often pass water the memories we need in order to obligate psychological resilience and mental health. whatever good experiences Mr. Byrne did have with a diff icult and broken-down father seem to have been magnif ied through the lens of memory aided by imagination in the service of wish fulf illment.It is an example of what Kris (1956a) meant by describing autobiographical memory as telescopic, dynamic, and lacking in autonomy our autobiographical memory is in a constant state of f lux, is constantly being reorganized, and is constantly being subject to the changes which the tensions of the present tend to overturn (p. 299). In a way, Williams does the same thing by creating a memory play. Lonely, fineable over his sisters fate, f inding St. Louis and his family unbearable, Williams begins writing a play that both ref lects his current Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. om a t CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 DECLARATIVE MEMORY IN THE GLASS MENAGERIE suffering and at the same time assuages it. In writing The Glass Menagerie, he creates for himself one of those delicate glass animals a small tender bit of illusion that relieves him of the austere formula of life as it is lived in the present and makes it more bearable. He does so not by setting his play in the harsh realities of the present, too painful to write about, but in creatively altered memory. school term at his writing table, Williams reclaims his sister (Laura in the play) from the State Asylum and places her at home again.She is not frankly delusional and lobotomized. She is not even in Roses presurgical state of illnessa state of aggressiveness and talkativeness made worse by utter and unending vulgarity. Instead, she is depicted as painfully shy, weak, and schizoid. And Cornelius, the real-life father he must face daily, is gone. Gone from the play for dramatic purposes t o be sure the play would lose a certain edge were there another breadwinner in the house. But in the play, Williams expresses his wish to reconstruct existence and, in this play of memory and desire, rid himself of the old man.Yet he is not in all gone, for the fathers picture hangs on the wall, like Hamlets ghost, reminding us of a sons ambivalent longing for a father. For in 1943 and end-to-end his life, Williams longed for some man to comfort and help him. In the play, his own wish for a supportive, loving father is transformed into the wish for the gentleman callersomeone who, dissimilar his father, will help Laura, satisfy Amanda, and, by his assuring presence, bless Toms own departure. He is not only the person Williams longs for, but also the one he longs to be, though he knows it is a purpose he can never play.It is no accident then that Jim, the gentleman caller, conveys an uncomfortable uncertainty about his future. He is, in a sense, the failed high school hero, with perhaps unrealizable dreams for the future. Jim already hints that the realities of life may not meet his expectations. He expresses resentment at having to work at two jobs his work and his marriage, in which he has to punch the quantify every shadow with Betty. He is f lirtatious with Laura, even going so far as to kiss her, showing a clear generosity and attraction to women other than his f iancee.Tennessees father, a bitter man from a prominent Southern family, a dim drinker and a womanizer, while banned from the play, haunts it through his portrait and is resurrected in the f lesh in Jim, who is likewise disappointing and cannot be counted on and who, in the future, may come to resemble Cornelius. In his own life, Williams found and lost gentlemen callers hundreds of times over. And when he was Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 1265 Daniel Jacobs ot looking for the gentleman caller, he was being one, abandoning and d isappointing those who loved him. The only one he was truly flexure to was Rose. Memories are like dreams or fantasies in that all the characters remembered at a point moment may represent aspects of the rememberers own ainity. Amandas steely will to break down is ref lected in Toms stubborn insistence on leaving. Lauras fragility and submissiveness are what he must try to get away from in himself. Jim is the artist manque, the average joe Tom fears he will become if he doesnt leave. THE STAGING OF MEMORY 1266Through the very structure of his play and the physical billet of its characters, Williams shows us that we cannot have a past without a present or a present uninf luenced by the past. He takes us back and forth in time as Tom Wingf ield literally steps in and out of the railroad f lat of his memory. He both ref lects on his past and participates in it, as his memories come alive. All the plays characters slip in and out of memory, from present to past and back again, as they act with one another, forging their current individualism and present relationship in the incus of a past they selectively remember.The stage set that Williams proposed concretizes the alternating frontward and disinclined movement of time that takes place in the characters and in all of our minds. Toms opening soliloquy is stage front in the present and is often play outside the apartment. The scene that follows is from the past, set in a dining room at the back of the stage, as if to emphasize the remoteness of memory. The f igures move backward and ship on stage, like memories themselves, coming into thought and then receding. Lighting is used in a similar way to emphasize through spotlighting the super selective and highly cathected aspects of memory.Lightness and darkness, dimness and clarity, play an important role in the ambience of the play, heightening the faulting play of memory. Williams is specif ic about the use of lighting in his production notes for The Glass Menagerie The lighting in the play is not realistic. In belongings with the air travel of memory, the stage is dim. Shafts of light are focus on selected areas or actors, sometimes in contradistinction to what is the apparent center. . . . A free and chimerical use Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. om at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 DECLARATIVE MEMORY IN THE GLASS MENAGERIE of light can be of abundant value in giving mobile, tractile quality to plays of more or less static nature (Williams 1945, p. 10). By fit an original musical score, Williams makes a reckon attempt to evoke memory in members of the audience memories of their own youthful stirrings, with all the fears and pleasures that attend them. Schacter (1996) notes that it is the memories of adolescence and early adulthood that are most often retained as we grow older.In asking Paul Bowles to write a rising piece of music for his play, Williams, I think, is playing with the notion that mem ory is a new creation, similar to Bowless new music, Williams counts on the fact that while the score has never been heard before by the audience, it nevertheless feels familiar and seems a part of ones previous experience. While the music may stimulate declarative memories of young adulthood in the audience, by its wordlessness it is designed to evoke nondeclarative memory experienced as a feeling state (Davis 2001).By using a new score sooner than relying on familiar tunes, Williams insists that memory is an invention of the present rather than a reproduction of the past. CONCLUSION 1267 So we have Tom Williams in his basement room writing about Tom Wingf ield. His protagonist is thrust both forward and backward in time Tom Wingf ield in 1945 is ref lecting on a time before World war II began. Tom Wingf ield is Tennessee and not him at the same time. The memories Williams calls forth from his own experiences are transformed in ways that are not only dramatically but psychological ly necessary for the author.Rendering the truth through selective and transformed memory, Williams creates his own glass menagerie to which he could each day retreat from the harsh realities of his life in St. Louis in l943. He creates fragile f igures he can control, moving them around the imagined setting of creative memory. In creating the play, he can always be earnest Rose. On the page and on the stage, the two are bound forever, like f igures on a Grecian urn. At the same time, the play is a justif ication for Tennessees departure from the family, a plea for reasonableness as to why he must leave the altered Rose (his castrate self) behind and pursue his own path.Freud (1908) pointed out how both in creative writing and fantasy past, present, and future are set up together, as it were, on the thread of the wish that runs through Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 Daniel Jacobs 1268 them (p. 141). In the process of wri ting The Glass Menagerie, the infantile wish to reunite with Rose, to rid himself of a hateful father, and to overcome the threats of castration that Roses situation and his own imply, f inds a solution to his torments.He does what Tom Wingf ield does in the play. He leaves. By May of l943, Tennessee is on his way to Hollywood to become, for a short time, a screenwriter. But like Tom Wingf ield, Tennessee cannot leave his past behind. He will be as faithful to Rose as Tom Wingf ield is to Laura when at the plays end he says, I tried to leave you behind me, but I am much more faithful than I intended to be (p. 115). Of their relationship, Rasky (l986) wrote, Just as Siamese tally may be joined at the hip or breastbone, Tennessee was joined to his sister, Rose, by the heart. . . In the memorial of love, there has seldom been such devotion as that which Tennessee showed his lobotomized sister (p. 51). Peter Altman, former director of Bostons Huntington Theater, points out how with th e writing of The Glass Menagerie Williams blows out the candles on an overtly autobiographical form of writing and moves on to create full-length plays less ostensibly reliant on the concrete details of his own history (private communication, 1997). While he could never psychologically free himself from the traumatic events of his upbringing, artistically he was able to move ahead.By creating within and through the play his own glass menagerie, where the characters are f ixed and can live forever in roiled togetherness, he grants himself permission to leave St. Louis once again. Such a creation is uniform to Kriss description of the personal fiction (1956a) A coherent set of autobiographical memories, a picture of ones course of life as part of the self-representation that has attracted a particular investment, it is defensive attitude inasmuch as it prevents certain experiences and groups of impulses from reaching consciousness. At the same time, the autobiographical self-image has taken the place of a repressed fantasy . . (p. 294). But in the patients Kris described, sections of personal history had been repressed and the autobiographical myth created to bear on that repression. In Williamss case, he is quite conscious of the distortions in his memory play, but creativity serves a function for the artist similar to that served by personal myth in Kriss patients. Williams is able to separate further from his family by keeping himself, through his memory play, attached to them forever, selectively remembered and frozen in time in a way painful, yet acceptable, to him.By writing the play, a visual representation of memory and Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 DECLARATIVE MEMORY IN THE GLASS MENAGERIE wish, Williams creates a permanent wish-fulf illing hallucination providing gratif ication and psychic excerpt (see Freud 1908). Of his sister Roses collection of glass animals, which was transformed into Lauras glass menagerie, Williams wrote that they stood for all the small tender things (including, I think, happy memories) that relieve the austere pattern of life and make it endurable to the sensitive.The areaway the bowling alley behind his familys f lat in St. Louis, where cats were torn to pieces by dogs was one thingmy sisters washcloth curtains and tiny menagerie of glass were another. someplace between them was the world we lived in (Nelson 1961, p. 8). What enables Williams to survive psychically and adds to his resilience in St. Louis in l943 is, I believe, his ability to create a lieu between the bitter realities of family life and his impulse to f lee and forget it allto blow out the candles of memory.That space was his memory play, a space he inhabited daily through his writing, a space of some resilience where psychologically needed memories are created amid the pain and unhappiness of the present. And in so doing, he reminds us all of the role memory plays i n our survival. Our memories are like glass menageries, precious, delicate, and chameleonlike. We can become trapped by them like Laura and Amanda. Or, as in the case of Tennessee and Mr. Byrne, we can gain resilience from their plasticity that allows us to move forward psychologically.Williams wrote, in his analyze The Catastrophe of Success (1975), that the monosyllable of the clock is Loss, loss, loss, unless you devote your heart to its opposition (p. 17). Tennessee felt that for him the hearts opposition could outperform be expressed through writing. He felt that the artist, his adventures, travels, loves, and humiliations are resolved in the creative product that becomes his indestructible life. (Leverich 1995, p. 268) I think he might have agreed that while creative work plays that role for the artist, memory and fantasy are its equivalent for all of us.Williams knew that it is through the creative transformation of experience, sometimes in verse, sometimes in memory, that we draw nearer to that long delayed but always expect something we live for (1945, p. 23). REFERENCES 1269 DAVIS, J. (2001). Gone but not forgotten Declarative and non-declarative memory processes and their contribution to resilience. Bulletin of the Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009 Daniel Jacobs 1270 Menninger Clinic 65451470. FREUD, S. (1899). Screen memories. Standard Edition 3301322. (1908). Creative writers and day-dreaming.Standard Edition 9143153. K RIS , E. (1956a). The personal myth. In The Selected Papers of Ernst Kris. New oasis Yale University Press, 1975, pp. 272300. (1956b). The recovery of childhood memories in psychoanalysis. In The Selected Papers of Ernst Kris. New Haven Yale University Press, 1975, pp. 301340. LEVERICH, L. (1995). Tom The Unknown Tennessee Williams. New York Norton. NELSON, B. (1961). Tennessee Williams The serviceman and His Work. New York Obolensky. RASKY, H. (1986). Tennessee Willia ms A Portrait in Laughter and Lamentation. Niagara Falls Mosaic Press. SCHACTER, D. (1995).In research of Memory. Cambridge Harvard University Press. SCHNEIDERMAN, L. (1986). Tennessee Williams The incest motif and f ictional love relationships. Psychoanalytic Review 7397110. UPDIKE, J. (l960). Rabbit, Run. New York Knopf. WILLIAMS, T. (1945). The Glass Menagerie. New York New Direc-tions, l975. (l972). Memoirs. New York Doubleday. (l975). The catastrophe of success. In The Glass Menagerie. New York New Directions, 1975, pp. 1117. 64 Williston channel Brookline, MA 02146 E-mail emailprotected com Downloaded from http//apa. sagepub. com at CALIFORNIA DIGITAL LIBRARY on September 9, 2009