Why The United States Dropped The Atomic Bomb Per Essay Example For Students

Why The United States Dropped The Atomic Bomb: Per Essay suasive Essay The atomic bomb is the subject of much controversy. Since its first detonation in 1945, the entire world has heard the aftershocks of that blast. Issues concerning Nuclear Weapons sparked the Cold War. We also have the atomic bomb to thank for our relative peace in this time due to the fear of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). The effects of the atomic bomb might not have been the exact effects that the United States was looking for when they dropped Little Boy and Fat Man on Hiroshima and Nagasaki respectively (Grant, 1998). We will write a custom essay on Why The United States Dropped The Atomic Bomb: Per specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The original desire of the United States government when they dropped Little Boy and Fat Man on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was not, in fact, the one more commonly known: that the two nuclear devices dropped upon Hiroshima and Nagasaki were detonated with the intention of bringing an end to the war with Japan, but instead to intimidate the Soviet Union. The fact of Japans imminent defeat, the undeniable truth that relations with Russia were deteriorating, and competition for the division of Europe prove this without question. Admittedly, dropping the atomic bomb was a major factor in Japans decision to accept the terms laid out at the Potsdam agreement otherwise known as unconditional surrender. The fact must be pointed out, however, that Japan had already been virtually defeated. (McInnis, 1945) Though the public did not know this, the allies, in fact, did. Through spies, they had learned that both Japans foreign minister, Shigenori Togo and Emperor Hirohito both supported an end to the war (Grant, 1998). Even if they believed such reports to be false or inaccurate, the leaders of the United States also knew Japans situation to be hopeless. Their casualties in defending the doomed island of Okinawa were a staggering 110,000 and the naval blockade which the allies had enforced whittled trade down to almost nothing. Japan was quickly on the path to destruction. (Grant, 1998). Of course, the Allies ignored this for the reason that dropping the atomic bomb on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki would intimidate Russia. Had they truly been considering saving more lives and bringing a quick end to the war in Japan, they would have simply waited them out without the major loss of life seen at both Hiroshima and Nagasaki. At the Yalta conference, Franklin Delano Roosevelt asked Josef Stalin for Russian support in the war with Japan. (Claypool, 1984) In return for Russian Support against Japan, Roosevelt agreed to terms that some historians feel helped create more tension between the two countries because it gave Russia too much power in world affairs. (Claypool, 1984, Pg. 53) At the time, Roosevelt was not confident that the United States could win the war easily without Russian support. He simply assumed that Japan would have to be invaded (Claypool, 1984). After Roosevelts death on April 12, 1945, Truman was sworn in as President of the United States (Claypool, 1984). As situations developed and progress on the atomic bomb continued to increase, Truman felt that a Russian invasion of Japanese territory might not be necessary. If the atomic bomb was effective, there was no need to have the Russians invade Manchuria. . . There was always the possibility that a Russian invasion might mean communist rule after the war. (Claypool, 1984, Pg. 78) It was quite apparent, in fact, to many world leaders that the United States did not want Russian intervention once work on the atomic bomb had been completed. In fact, Prime Minister Winston Churchill has been quoted writing: It is quite clear that the United States do not at the present time desire Russian participation in the war against Japan.' (Claypool, 1984, Pg. 78) As World War II came to a closure, two new superpowers emerged: the United States and the Soviet Union. The United States obviously felt that if they could prove to the world that they had superior weaponry, that it would be held in the highest regard by all nations of the world. Hiroshima and Nagasaki gave them the power to do just that. .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 , .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 .postImageUrl , .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 , .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5:hover , .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5:visited , .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5:active { border:0!important; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5:active , .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5 .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udbd158812413acdbc2d3c90270e423c5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teamwork Essay It is apparent that because of the troubled relations with Russia, and the confidence that the .

261 Intro to The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Professor Ramos Blog

261 Intro to The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Quick Write Quick Write Some claim that The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a masterpiece and one of the greatest American novels. Others disagree with this assessment. Based on what you have learned, which side do you agree with? Analysis of Literature The Five Moves of Analysis Mark Twain (1835 1910) Huck Finn

Controversy Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Controversy Analysis - Essay Example While leadership goals are a part and parcel of education system in this country, understanding the future implications of the education system in the career of a person is very important. Therefore, bringing out leadership qualities in a person must be accompanied by standards of leadership that he or she achieves to meet (Tyack, 1990, 188). When such set standards are used, the extent to which a person can handle leadership challenges becomes clear to the employer. One must remember that even if a person is highly educated, he or she might still lack superb leadership qualities. Therefore, instead of going by grades and academic records, if student leadership skills are quantified, then right candidates get the right degree of job (Berliner, 2013, 206). The main goal of education stays ambiguous even today. There are several definitions of a goal but if a goal decides whether the process of education has been fruitful for the country, then its goals will be different than if the process decides if education has been fruitful for the individual student. Setting up goals on a national level, that focus on individual fulfillment, will help diminish income inequality in the society (Labaree, 1997, 40). Teachers, trainers and mentors need to have a good grasp of the goal or aim of holding a training session or simply completing the class course (Elmore, 2000, 16). Yes, just as redefining educational goals is of prime most importance today, constantly reminding teachers of how well they need to fulfill these goals is also important. Educators have to be told why they need to exercise values of neutrality and strict assessment in grading and placing their students, to be able to remove income inequality. Although their contribution is going to be of less importance owing to inexperience, student involvement in curriculum and assessment protocol decisions is a healthy way to encourage participation and extract performance.

What does Katznelson mean by white affirmative action How do U.S Essay - 1

What does Katznelson mean by white affirmative action How do U.S. government policies effect non-white Americans - Essay Example Katznelson points out that African Americans were legally excluded from government programs such as; unemployment insurance, social security, grants, assistance of elderly and poor. The blacks were segregated through; theological justification, harsh enforcement, economic compulsions, political institutions, social conventions, and racist ideas (Katznelson 5). The age of whiteness was marked by restricting Black Americans from crossing the set social boundaries, and this was implemented by the police state that had the authority. In addition, the author mentions that; although, Europeans and African Americas fought alongside each other at the Second World War, some eastern and southern Europeans, through the white affirmative action, got full rights at the expense of African Americans. This paper discusses the meaning of â€Å"white affirmative action† from Katznelson’s point of view, and address how U.S. government policies affect non-white Americans. When Katznelson talks of â€Å"white affirmative action†, he refers to the way in which various government programs, which were constituted in the 1930s and 1940s segregated the blacks. The authority of white affirmative action was prescribed in the constitution, society, and peoples’ minds. In his context, when the government programs segregated the blacks, they worked on the opposite direction and favored the whites. Therefore, the government programs became affirmative actions for the white race. White affirmative action was seen when the government used; the Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) and National Labor Relations Act (1935) to formulate worker reform, which would result in getting rid of domestic, as well as, agricultural labor (Katznelson 62). In this manner, Black Americans became segregated in that they could not find employment. The white affirmative action within the U.S. government was propelled by

Evaluation of natural composit materials in structures Essay

Evaluation of natural composit materials in structures - Essay Example 331). In relation to structures, natural composite materials have been employed in the formation of load-bearing elements. These include roofs, beams, multipurpose panels, pedestrian bridges and water tanks. Beams are vital components in bridges, buildings and other structures. In fact, beams are considered to be structural elements that are in flexural mode or bending. They may have rectangular or square cross section depending on the requirements of a structure or even the design. Beams are commonly made of reinforced concrete, timber, laminated veneer lumber or steel profiles. Research shows that recent developments of using natural composite beams lead to possible weight, cost, time and installation advantages. There is therefore an opportunity for the use of natural composites in the construction of structural beams. This opportunity can be also explored in construction of pedestrian bridge girders because they demand moderate design loads. The use of natural composite materials in beam construction is necessitated by the low cost and densities of natural fibres and their environmental benefits. Among the feasible concepts of natural composites is the composite sandwich beam. The composite sandwich beam incorporates the use of several layers of materials. More often than not, the same material is utilised for the slim bottom and top section and the compact core material located in between. The core is of lesser strength as compared to the material utilized for the bottom and top. Dweib et al. (2004, p. 150-151) have analysed and formulated sandwich beams which constitute cellulose fibres that are made from paper that is reused, foam core and Acrylated Epoxidized Soy-bean Oil (AESO) which has added strength. An I-shaped beam was another idea that was derived from the natural composite beam. Using the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding technique, soybean oil based resin system and woven burlap (jute fabric) composite has been utilized in a successful man ner to produce an I-shaped beam (Alms, Yonko, McDowell and Advani, 2009, 83). According to Marsh (2000, p. 57), the primary design methods that are normally utilized in structural design are tensile stiffness, bending stiffness, bending strength and tensile strength [36]. For some applications like roof however, impact strength is as well crucial. For polyester which is strengthened by glass fibre to be utilized as roof materials it has to demonstrate a tensile strength that is not less than 50 MPa and have no hole or crazing or cracking visible after being tested. It also has to demonstrate SREC2010-F1-5 4 impact resistance of 1.96 J in Australian standard. Roof material needs to be designed in a manner that it supports all types of loads whether it is live load, dead load and at other instances snow load. Other features of the material are; it should be water resistant, lightweight, weather resistant (for instance ultraviolet light resistant) and fire resistant. Coming second to e lectricity, the roofing sector is the second largest user of glass fibre in the construction and building sector in Europe. In third rank, in terms of percentage, is the utilization of glass fibre for industrial infrastructure which includes tanks, pipes and corrosion

Effects The Newspaper Industry Media Essay

Effects The Newspaper Industry Media Essay The benefits aggregation services like Google News gain is that the information they put on the site have additional content and provides a broader view of the topic, industry and subject matter. That is what appeals to the readers, as they can skim through the important news they want to read and dont need to go through the unimportant news like in newspapers or TV. Online news aggregation services like Google News are changing the way news is being advertised to people. Since the creation of Google News, it has become one of the best innovations for the company in terms of subscriptions to their feeds and revenues they generate through readers. What Google does best is that it gathers interesting things and presents them in new ways to appeal to the vast audiences. Effects on the newspaper industry During the past decade, the Internet has become an important news source for most Americans. According to a study conducted by the Pew Internet and American Life Project, as of January 2010, nearly 61 percent of Americans got at least some of their news online in a typical day. (Isbell, 2010). This statistic shows us that there is a lot of reliance on the internet for news. People have forgone the traditional practices of getting their news through newspapers, magazines and TV. Thus, there is a decline in the traditional media these days. News Corporations Rupert Murdoch and Associate Press Chairman Dean Singleton have reasoning to believe that the major cause of the decline in the traditional media is due to the rise of the news aggregators. According to this theory, news aggregators from Google News to The Huffington Post are free-riding, reselling and profiting from the factual information gathered by traditional media organizations at great cost. (Isbell, 2010). Aggregation services threaten the print media because they are emerging as the new front page which people skim through every morning for headlines instead of going to any single newspaper site. (Schonfeld, 2009). The other reasoning behind low print media numbers is that companies have started to advertise more on the sites as they cost much less as compared to advertising on the newspapers. The problem with newspapers these days is that there are about 20% top headline stories and the rest of the 80% is usually not relevant or uninteresting to the reader. Aggregation sites create loads and loads of important headlines from all over thus captivating the audience. The value not only comes from skimming through the website material but clicking the links to the various headlines creates value. Of course newspapers are failing because you surely cannot capture the readers attention with only 20% news and the other 80% being irrelevant. Aggregation services use automated logarithms to get really good content, and thus its not only the front pages that captures the audience attention but the other pages are as interesting as the first one. Basically newspapers cater to the needs of a higher class of people who earn higher than average income whereas aggregation services like Google News cater to every age group as anyone can access the news from anywhere with no fear of purchasing any material on the web they read. Plus, the cost of paper, ink, postage, and physical distribution will never be a contender in a world of electronic communication. Therefore, newspapers are now creating websites for their readers and advertisers. The classified sections on the newspaper are being threatened because sites like Craigslist are seeking a share of the classified market. This shows that the task is becoming more difficult as newspapers try to serve a diverse audience of readers. Aggregation services are fast in staying up to date in their industries, track competitors, monitor industry blogs, and follow specific Websites. Aggregation services get the best of their data in a very speedy manner meaning that they get their news feeds as soon as a special event or news occurs. In short, newspapers are struggling to attract the customer base they once had due to technological advances on the internet. Aggregation services improving over the years I will take example of Google News and how they have approached online aggregation services. Google News over the years has improved and has grown smarter than many other aggregation services. They keep track of user behavior which is very important as peoples view and opinions change daily and is never on one thing. Google News uses a very different algorithm to that used for their Google search. Google News uses a closed index whereas their search engine uses an open index. Now, the difference is that in a closed index Google News will only capture the news related items, whereas in an open index the search engine will take everything into consideration thus making the database even bigger. Thus, Google News gets their information in a more real time manner which is faster and becomes easier for users to find what they are looking for. Other aggregation services are also taking note of this and improving their services as well. Aggregation services are less concerned of what type of medium they will be using and are more concerned about making sure that the news continues to be flowing for example those enterprise journals, editorials and other things that can be seen in the newspapers. Therefore, their main concern or interest is to try and make sure that the news not only survives but thrives. The only way to ensure the speediest delivery of news to the audience, aggregation services use specialized algorithms to get these cluster of news out to the readers thought their internet sites rather than the traditional newspapers which takes longer and hold up to 60% of ad space. If we look at the pace at which the media is going online, news is the area which would benefit the most when it is online. With something new happening every other minute, breaking news becoming a daily issue, with updates and alerts which require something more than the traditional media network, it is the time that the news gets online. Every time there is breaking news it is posted online for the internet users to stay in touch without any effort to do the same. (Chris Williams, n.d.). I mean the best way for a person to stay up to date with the latest information is to log in to one of the online sites and check the news rather than having the hassle of buying a newspaper or turning on the TV or the radio. It saves a lot of time for a person to do this. The competition to make the news more attractive is lesser in the online world, considering the fact that it is simpler in most ways than the print media. The print media requires you to come up with innovative ideas every other day to stay afresh in the emerging competitive market. Comparatively, in the online news market the competition to stay new is less. (Chris Williams, n.d.). Therefore, sites like Google News and The Huffington Post dont really care whose site is better, but rather are interested that the news they are providing is being read by the audience and that it is getting to every person in a timely manner.

How does Shakespeare examine the themes of revenge in Hamlet Essay

The revenge tragedy established itself within Elizabethan theatre as a tremendously popular genre. The style of the play had gradually evolved from the works of Seneca, an ancient Roman playwright. Once translated these plays performed, steadily rose in popularity, with plays such as Middleton’s ‘The Changeling’, Kids ‘The Spanish Tragedy’ and Tourneurs ‘The Revenger’s Tragedy’ being most popular. The ‘typical’ revenge tragedy play has several important conventions within it, which are key to the genre. see more:revenge hamlet A five part structure of: Exposition, anticipation, confrontation, partial execution and completion, portray the central character – the revenger, discovering the deed he must avenge, wrestling with his conscience over the justification and validity of the act, then planning and eventually executing the act of revenge. Often Jacobean revenge tragedy often questioned the revengers’ morality. How far does the task of revenge affect the revenger? How far does it taint the person? How can the audience be sure the protagonists’ madness is not actually real? Is it possible that the conflicting morality suffered by him brings unto the revenger real madness and mental instability? The questions over morality are furthered by the death of the protagonist another generic feature. Elizabethans generally firmly believed in the concepts of ‘heaven’ and ‘hell’, dying without forgiveness from God would mean eternity in perdition like the limbo in which Old Hamlet is in, in Hamlet ‘When I to my sulph’rous and tormented flames Must render up myself’. As the revenger usually dies at the end of the play after carrying out revenge, he dies without the chance of confession and absolution. This means the act of murder has not been forgiven. Inevitably this leads us to assume the protagonist will spend eternity in hell. We can debate the authenticity of the spirit demanding for revenge. If they were once a loved one of the revenger why would they make them vow to perform a deed, which would lead them to damnation? Could it be that the spirit is not in fact the spirit of the deceased but an evil spirit taking their form, tricking the revenger? After dispensing with some of the generic features, such as narrative by the ghost, it retains many of the conventions of the revenge tragedy. Hamlet is summoned to avenge the murder of his father, by his father’s spirit, the murderer being Hamlets’ uncle, now stepfather and newly crowned King Claudius. Hamlet feigns madness to disguise his intentions of revenge and has a play entitled ‘The Mousetrap’ performed, in which the murder of Old Hamlet is re-enacted. On preparing to kill Claudius Hamlet is set back by Claudius asking for forgiveness from God in a moment of prayer. This leads to an inevitable climax, which results in the death of Hamlet, Claudius and Laertes in a typically bloody ending. All of these events are to be expected from a revenge tragedy. Further more, Hamlet contains several scenes, key to its portrayal of the revenge theme. In act one, scene five Hamlet follows the supposed spirit of his father and is informed of his fathers murder â€Å"I am thy fathers spirit†¦ sleeping in mine orchid a serpent stung me†. This scene conveys the task of revenge being set, the whole of the play hinges on this event. The imagery within this scene is also telling. Old Hamlet is dressed in battle fatigue, thus symbolizing him as a war-king; the audience having been informed of the war he started against Old Fortinbras. This suggests that Old Hamlets position in hell is right and not solely due to him being unable to confess before his untimely death. This suggests repercussion on whether or not Hamlets’ soul will actually be damned, having not confessed but essentially living a good life. If the nature of damnation does in fact relay solely on whether or not one has lived a good life, and not whether or not one has confessed ones sins, then it is possible Hamlet has gone to heaven, thus Shakespeare can be seen to be subverting the ideas of religion within the revenge tragedy genre. Young Fortinbras comments â€Å"Bear Hamlet like a solider†, in death Hamlet is viewed as a hero, in this context it is not difficult to assume he has escaped damnation The theme of kingship is continued in Act two, scene two. We are presented with an image of Claudius, which is in direct contrast to the one presented of his predecessor. Talk of Claudius averting war with Young Fortinbras, shows the new king to be one which favour’s diplomacy to war. Surely such a king is more advantageous for Denmark than a bloodthirsty leader like the image we are presented of Old Hamlet. This furthers the question of whether Hamlet has enough moral justification to take a life, especially one that is so beneficial to the country. This scene is also important as the first signs of Hamlet feigning madness are demonstrated to the audience. In act three, scene two the feature of a play within a play is portrayed. Claudius is outraged by what he sees â€Å"Give me some light. Away†. Hamlet interprets Claudius’ reaction to the play as unequivocal proof of his guilt. This a crucial turning point in the play. Up to now Hamlet has been unsure of whether or not to perform his ‘duties’. That he is assured by Claudius reaction (poor evidence in hindsight) may illustrate Hamlets degradation by the mission he has been set. â€Å"I’ll take the ghost’s word for a thousand pound† In Act three, scene four the death of Polonius can be seen to serve multiple purposes. In its most insignificant form it leads Ophelia further into the madness, which eventually leads to her death. Also it demonstrates how the revenge plot has affected Hamlet â€Å"A bloody deed. Almost as bad as kill a king and marry his brother. † He has killed, in cold blood and without provocation, the father of his love and yet seems to show little remorse. Can Hamlet still be seen as the hero of the play when he himself is placed in the same situation as Claudius? Polonius’ death introduces a secondary revenge plot. Laertes now has to avenge his father’s death, inviting the audience to compare Laertes and Hamlet as revenger. The alleged actions of Claudius have provoked a cycle of revenge plots, in which all involved are led to their deaths. The penultimate scene of the play affects the resolution of the three revenge plots. Hamlet and Laertes both achieve revenge, in doing they so they sacrifice their earthly bodies and possibly their eternal souls. Young Fortinbras revenge on Denmark for his country as he and his armies easily occupy, thus turning previous defeats on their head. Both Hamlet and Laertes at the beginning of the play were both well-liked and talented men; Hamlet had the possibilities of becoming king bestowed upon him. Yet at the end each die as a murderer who is damned to Hell. Hamlet in this form can be seen as a severe commentary on the idea of revenge, that it is the role of God to act upon those who have wronged, not the individuals’. A modern audience may read Hamlet in ways different to that of a Jacobean counterpart would have viewed it in. Themes of religion are very strong in the play, and while an Elizabethan audience may have had a strong belief in the concepts of divine retribution, a modern audience may be less convinced by this. Religion is not as central to modern life as it was in the era the play was written. Thus issues such as deeds on earth having direct consequences on a persons’ fate in the afterlife- a crucial part of the genre, lessen in their importance.

Impact of micro finance on women Essay

Microfinance is not a new concept in these days it is recognized as a most powerful and effective tool to reduce the poverty. Empowerment of women is one of very important issue in developing countries. It is not only seen as a development objective in itself but as a means of promoting growth, reducing poverty and promoting better governance (World Bank, 2001). Microfinance plays role in improving women decision making by contributing in economic activities. In this study we will evaluate the impact of microfinance on indicators of women’s empowerment in the urban slums of the Lahore district of Pakistan. In this study gender’s equity, self-confidence, and status will specifically design and implement to explore the link between microfinance and women’s empowerment. This study will justify that microfinance can improve the position of women through: i. Access to independent income ii. Control over savings and credit use iii. Ability to bring productive asset to household economy iv. To maintain gender equity In this study an attempt will made to explore the socio economic determinants of women empowerment in which microfinance will central economic determinant. This study will collect the data through survey that is a quantitative research strategy that involves the structured collection of data from a pre-determined sample. Questionnaires could be filling through Self-administrated, Online or Postal. We will apply Correlation statistics to determine the mutual relationship between gender equality, self-confidence, status and women’s empowerment. Then we will apply Regression analysis to measure the relationship gender equality, self-confidence, status and women’s empowerment. This study will relate to the women in the Lahore city. The fewer resources and sources are the big problem. Limited time period is also the limitation of this study. Estimated  time for completing this research is approximately 5 to 6 months and the expenditures are approximately Rs. 10,000/- (PKR). Key Words: Microfinance, Women empowerment, Gender’s equity, Self-confidence Introduction The first project of microfinance in Pakistan was initiated in 1960s when Dr. Akhtar Hameed khan implemented the idea of microcredit and launched the Comilla Project as an experiment of microcredit. After that, various initiatives were taken in the field of microfinance in the following decades including Orange Pilot Project in Karachi, Agha Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) etc. Working women contribute to national income of the country and maintain a sustainable livelihood of the families and communities, throughout the world. As they face many socio- cultural attitude, legal barriers, lack of education and personal difficulties. Traditionally, women have been marginalized. They are rarely financially independent and often they are more helpless members of society. About 70% of world’s poor are women. Yet they have no access to credit and other financial services. Therefore, microfinance often target women. Microfinance is a critical tool to empower women from poor household. So, particularly women can get benefit from microfinance institutions as many microfinance institutions target only women, to empower them. In the context of Pakistan, where social and economic empowerment of women is still very low, it is important to identify interventions through which this empowerment shortage could be reversed. In the Global Gender Gap Report, published by the World Economic Forum in 2007, Pakistan is ranked at 126 amongst a total of 128 countries. Women Empowerment Empowerment of women means to let women survive and let them live a life with dignity, humanity, respect, self esteem and self reliance. Empowerment is also related to the process of internal change (Mayoux 1998) and to the capacity and right to make decisions (Kabeer 2001). It consists of change, choice and power. Kabeer (1999) stresses that women’s empowerment is the process to acquire the ability from which those who have been denied the ability to make the strategic life choices. Her emphasis that ability to exercise choice incorporates three interrelated dimensions: Resources, Agency and Achievements. According to UNIFEM, â€Å"to generate choices, gaining  the ability and exercise bargaining power†, â€Å"developing a sense of self worth, to secure desired changes, belief in one’s ability and the right to control one’s life† are important elements of women empowerment. Women will be empowered when they will have full control over their own life. Microfinance Microfinance is a powerful tool to self empower the poor people especially women at world level and especially in developing countries. Microfinance activities can give them a means to climb out of poverty. From early 1970’s women movement in number of countries increasing to improve poverty through microfinance programs. The problem of women less access to credit was given a particular concentration at First International Women Conference in Mexico in 1975. The evolution of microfinance is from Bangladesh since late 1970s and a very successful project. But in Pakistan, the movement of microfinance sector started from Agha Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) and Orangi Piolt Project (OPP). With the passage of time microfinance becomes NGO activity and five microfinance banks have been started under State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) ordinance. Role of Microfinance in Women Empowerment The logic of microfinance’s potential for empowerment is similar to the economic model of empowerment: microfinance makes women economically independent by putting capital and financial resources in their hands. Economic independence results in higher bargaining power for women in their households and communities, and subsequently results in higher prestige and self-esteem. The focus on women’s empowerment in the context of microfinance brings to light the significance of gender relations in policy development circles more prominently than ever before. Women are vaunted as a ‘weapon against poverty’ (DFID 2006, 1). Microfinance is a type of banking service which provides access to financial and non financial services to low income or unemployed people. Microfinance services lead to women empowerment by positively influencing women’s decision making power at household level and their overall socioeconomic status. By the end of 2000, microfinance services had reached over 79 million of the poorest of the world. As such microfinance has the potential to make a significant contribution to gender  equality and promote sustainable livelihood and better working condition for women. (ILO Geneva) It has been well documented that an increase in women resources or better approach for credit facilities results in increased well being of the family especially children. (Maoux, 1997; Kabeer, 2001). Chaudary and Nosheen (2009) women empowerment is one of important issue of present day development policies in developing countries. Since empowerment is multidimensional concept, it is determined by many socio economic factors and cultural norms. Cheston and Kuhn (2002) stated that microfinance programs have been potential to transform poor relation and to empower women especially by using case study of Sinapi Aba Trust. Although women access to financial resources has substantially increased yet loans given to women differ in sizes. In spite of this, just financial help not enough to empower women and improve well being but if they are properly designed then they make important contribution to women empowerment.

JDB Essay Example

JDB Essay Example JDB Essay JDB Essay Competition within the herbal tea market also remains relatively low because there is no competition for herbal tea existing at the current market. It is suggested that Gadabout use the direct export to enter the Australia and use the contingency approach to enter the market. It is also recommended it to use a pull strategy, such as to invest a TV show to help build brand awareness and relationships with their target market. 1. 0. 0 Gudgeon Gadabout Drink Food Co. , Ltd. 1. 1. 0 Company background Gadabout Group is a large beverage enterprise owing to their healthy drink in Hong Kong. With the nationwide development strategy, they established Gudgeon Gadabout Beverage Food Co. , Ltd as a subsidiary to enter the Mainland China market. Currently, Gudgeon Gadabout Beverage Food Co. , Ltd played a leading role in healthy drink industry in China based on its famous product red-canned Gadabout, which as a kind of ancient herbal tea and has more than 170 years of history. They also have the non-alcohol drink, such as juices and bottled water. The sales network of Gudgeon Gadabout Beverage Food Co. Ltd has extended more than 30 provinces in mainland of China, and it also entered some countries in Southeast Asia, Europe and the US. 2. 0. 0 Marketing Mix 2. 1. 0 Positioning Positioning refers to some sustainable competitive advantage or unique ailing proposition of products as a critical factor to over other competing brands (Keller, 1 998, star. 77). According to the Unique Selling Proposition strategy, Gadabout positioned as a kind of beverage that prevents excessive i nternal inflammation and started their marketing activities based on it (DIB, 2012). 2. 2. Target market Gadabout found the unique positioning that aimed at the majority of people who afraid of the internal inflammation. 2. 3. 0 Marketing mix 2. 3. 1 Product Gadabout is a kind of function drink based on traditional herbal tea hundreds years ago to prevent inflammation in China. After the brand war with Guanos Wangling Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Gadabout still use the red can with the Chinese character Gadabout instead of Wong Ala Kate. 2. 3. 2 Price The price of Gadabout is higher than most beverages in China since it is a special healthy drink from various Chinese herbal. . 3. 3 Place Gadabout is sold through the supermarkets, retail-stores and restaurants, especially hot pot, and barbecue restaurants. All places are where people may get excessive internal heat. 2. 3. 4 Promotion Gadabout is the most popular local brand in China for several years, one of he most important factors is the huge investment on advertising. Firstly, they use story as a mini movie to promote through national TV channel on the golden time. Secondly, they design the great poster to explain the function of the herbal tea; it implies the company concentrate on customers healthy. The satisfaction of basic human needs will trigger the search for higher levels of needs (Mathew, 1993). Thirdly, Gadabout invested 60 million in the show called Voice of China, a Chinese reality talent show, become the most popular topic in current China. Since 2001 , Gadabout has donated more than ARM 8 lion Yuan to help more than 1,600 students to have the chance to study. For the big earthquake in 2008, they donated 1 10 million Yuan as the biggest donor at a charity event broadcast live on CATV and immediately triggered a rise in popularity of herbal tea products. Gadabout dedicated to charity work charity for several years because it not only could set good reputation in the society, but also indirectly make contribution to advertising and brand promotion as a sustainable beneficial for the development of the company. 3. 0. 0 Australian marketplace 3. 1. 0 Market Environment Source : Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2013). Australia has a population is roughly 22. 7 million people and GAP per capita APP of US$44,074 in 2013. It is ranked as the second easiest country to do business since it offered one Of the best-regulated commercial environments in the world (World Bank Doing Business, 2013). The relationship be;men China and Australia was longstanding and played an indispensable role for both economic interests. China is Australias first largest export market and they commenced a Free Trade Agreement to further strengthen their business relationship. The tea market in Australia had total revenues of $ 1 1. Ban in 2012 with consumption volumes increased with a CARR of 4. 1 % between 2008 and 2012, which is expected to reach 4. Billion liters by 2017(Market Line, 2012). 3. 2-0 Consumer Behavior In Australian, a large number of customers prefer the healthy drink rather than caffeinated beverages cause healthy and wellness are still as the main factors to impact the purchasing decisions of customers. However, Consumers are affected by brand strongly, and the majority of competitors have to manage and deve lop their brands to capture the attention of customers. Overall, the buyer power is moderate. 33. Competitors In Australia, the majority of Customers do not like the taste of Chinese tea, which would attract many new products into the market. The substitutes for tea primarily include water, non-ready-to-drink hot drinks, alcoholic beverages and sodas. The Coca-Cola Company played the leading role account for approximately 36. 5% Of the market. Competitors in soft drink market distinguish their products by stressing their health benefits and taste, especially for functional drinks. Even though it would not easy for a new company to compete with the existing big brands, it would be possible to achieve small-scale success via a unique production method or nutritional benefits. Overall, there is a moderate likelihood of new entrants. 3. 4. 0 Opportunities In Australia, the awareness of health and wellness are the main factor to drive interest in tea market for the next several years. For the demographic factors, there are many Chinese people in Australia and most of them are Cantonese, they tend to the traditionally tea. Additionally, people in Australia like to eat some fry food, which are likely to get inflamed. 4. 0. 0 Entry Strategy Entry mode Advantage Disadvantage indirect exporting Low commitment in terms of resources] Low risk Lack of control Lack of contact with foreign market No learning experience Potential opportunity cost Direct exporting (foreign sales branch) More control (compared with direct exporting) More sales push (compared with direct exporting) More learning experience Need to build up foreign-based organizations] More demanding on resources Joint Venture Risk sharing Less demanding on resources Potential of synergies Risk of conflicts with partner(s) Risk of creating competitor Source: Adapted by Album and Udder (201 1), Mas (2008), Estate et al. 005) According to characteristics of the Gadabout, the origin regions and the development of its own brand are very important. So, it is not suitable for foreign direct investment. For the Joint venture, although it can use the local marketing channels effectively to reduce costs to enter the local market quickly, it would limit their brands promotion to restrict the long-term development. From long-te rm operation strategy, direct export has an advantage in establishing good brand effect, diversified distribution channels and effective social network. 4. 1. 0 Contingency approach Gadabout should use a contingency approach to enter the Australia market by maintaining their standardized model and making minor adaptations to the marketing mix to suit the marketplace (Leonardo et al, in Innovator et al, 2010). The need for adaptation increases according to the degree of cultural difference between two countries. However, in order to differentiate itself from competitors and build strong market share, it should adapt elements of its marketing mix to further appeal to Australian consumers. International strategies made by Gadabouts managers should have more consideration on preference of distance. Not only for geographic distance, but also culture, administrative and economic distances still need to be taken into account. 4. 2. O pull strategy This strategy aims to pull a product through the channels by making consumers end of a channel desire a product (Deanne, 2010). It incorporates most traditional advertising such as TV and radio commercials or newspaper advertisements. It also incorporates methods such as boosting word-of- mouth, or building brands online. The sales promotions, such as free samples, will help build brand awareness in the initial start-up period.

Cannery row essays

Cannery row essays In over thirty years of writing, from the late 1920s to the 1960s, Steinbeck has given ample indication that he is not the naive proletarian he has at times been called. His stories although almost always encouraging his reader to sympathize with his proletariat style characters are much more varied than this and it is believed by many critics that Steinbeck worked hard to lose his image of communist radical. This is what led Steinbecks harshest critics to challenge those that offered praise to Steinbeck. It is true that a majority of Steinbecks stories dealt with poor under privileged characters but Steinbeck also delt with other themes that where influenced by what he experienced in life. In contrast to what the critics have said Steinbeck is a writer who diligently exposed issues of the 30 year period and those issues which where close to his heart. His subject matter tended to be simple, but varied. For example, historical romance (cup of gold), myth (To a god unknown), ionic realism (the pasture of heaven) and epic folk (The grapes of wrath) are examples of subjects Through out his literary career Steinbeck was influenced by many political, economical and social issues of the 30yr period he was writing in. These include WW2, the great depression, womens influence and politics. Through these influences Steinbeck was able to create many books that encouraged his reader to critically think about themes that carried a One major influence in Steinbecks writing was born when his first two marriages ended in divorce. The major difficulties in these marriages arose from his fear of settling down and hence Steinbeck was forced to think about a womens influence on a man. Cannery Row reveals his horror of domesticity (being domestic) and the negative factors a womens influence brings about. When Mack and the boys from cannery row hu...

Alignment of Business and IT Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alignment of Business and IT Strategy - Essay Example However, it is yet to be determined that alignment issues exist, and if they do how to control for these gaps. The results showed that to enhance business strategy there must be a focus on the organizational vision and improvement of communication of business strategy and vision. The alignment of the two organizational elements, were concluded to be directly affected by the coherence of a business department. Overall, it was recommended that a robust business architecture be developed, and that the organization create a separate and centralized IT department. During the past three decades IT ahs become essential to business operations. Initially IT was distributed over departments; decentralized; specialized; and limited in application. However, the authors do not provide insights as to why IT "increased and spread"; only examples of how. A common solution in the past was to have a separate IT department; however this was found to limit effective communication between IT department and other departments. The suggestion of IT departments reporting directly to management can create internal "politics". Management often prioritizes the issues and this can lead to resentment of IT staff by the end users in other parts of the organization. The isolation of IT strategy can also draw a significant amount of resources away from the overall business strategy. As a consequence, non-alignment increases costs in time, money and organizational harmony. 3.0 Literature Review Since the early 1980s alignment of IT and business strategy has been realized as a critical need. The primary inhibitors identified over time have included; the IT department not prioritizing efficiently; and IT management lacking leadership. Models have been developed such as; 1) Strategic Integration Systems Planning (SISP); and 2) strategic integration across the entire organization. Solutions to date for effective alignment are; 1) communication and understanding; 2) business ownership and accountability for return on IT investments; 3) rapid strategy development driven by climatic business changes; and 4) enhance the internal competencies of the business. 4.0 Method The method used to include the Alignment of Business and IT (ABIT) department of the Fortune 50 company to aid in the coordination of the project. The ABIT department created a list of potential employees who were considered to have a "balanced perspective". This is a limitation isn't that a random sample was not selected, and so the results cannot be generalized to other organizations, as the sample is not representative of the wider population. Instead, selection criteria could have been used to operationalize what a "balanced perspective" was. Three groups were created; 1) one having a business perspective; 2) one having an IT perspective; and 3) one having a "balanced" perspective. However, a pre-test could have been done first to identify a priori knowledge and to place people in groups based on their current knowledge.The questions for the interviews were developed with the aid of ABIT to identify gaps, however no information is given as to how these items were selected and if they were tested for their reliability and validity. Each group was interviewed with questions

SAP ERP Implementation [ A Case Study of Nestle USA] Research Paper

SAP ERP Implementation [ A Case Study of Nestle USA] - Research Paper Example Providing real time data for distributed systems gives power to the users and thereby the company to work efficiently. Company employees, even though they are working from different locations, would have access to the data and moreover, would be getting the same view of data. But, quite obviously, all this cannot be achieved free of cost. There are different kinds of costs involved including monetary crunch, issues with putting all this into practice, and also people management issues. But, all said and done, each and every ERP implementation has important lessons to be learned from. This leads to say that for a company, what so ever be the result of ERP implementation, the lessons are always significant. The case I would be taking into consideration is the Nestle case. In the year 2000, Nestle SA management team became conscious of the fact that if they want to maintain their position in the hugely competitive market, they need to streamline their processes and upgrade their systems . To serve this purpose, Nestle SA signed a bond with SAP. Nestle SA wanted to implement an ERP system across all its systems, they wanted all the employees and hence, the company to benefit with the ERP system. Back then, Nestle SA had its presence in 80 countries with a total of 230,000 employees overall. A huge sum of $80 million was assigned for the consultation, maintenance and up gradation of the existing systems. A time frame of three years was decided upon in order to complete the ERP implementation for the most competitive sites of Nestle. After the ERP implementation of these sites is completed, the other sites would be dealt with. The implementation included most aspects of a company’s product and operation management processes. They ranged from finance and monetary aspect handling, to supply chain, forecasting, capacity planning and BI segments. Another Nestle ERP implementation was that of Nestle USA. Nestle USA had quite a few different ledgers and customer acce ss points. The objective of implementing ERP implemented in Nestle USA was to consolidate these different data points to just one. Nestle USA faced a lot of challenges in implementing ERP. This was because of the fact that every location for Nestle USA was inclined to make their own decisions. There was a communication gap between decisions made by different locations and this lead to adverse effects on ERP implementation. A classic example of this was the story of Vanilla wherein each and every Nestle USA location had a different deal for vanilla price with the retailer, and the different locations were not even aware of this fact. (Ben, 2002) In spite of which subsidiary of Nestle is observed, the reasons and objectives for implanting ERP were the same. The goal involved grouping, synchronizing and merging all the operations of the firm despite of the distributed locations and nature of working. The ultimate objective was to increase revenue and to maintain the name of Nestle bran d in the highly competitive market. In addition to the mentioned goals, there was an essential necessity to unify and integrate all the company information so that the forecasting activities as well as different forms of data analyses could be done more easily. This would also lead to greater accuracy in deriving trends while doing market research and demand forecasting. Nestle USA did